Musculoskeletal &

Integumentary

Musculoskeletal system
Bones
Bursae
Skeletal
Movement

Muscles
Musculoskeletal
System

Ligaments

Tendons

Joints

Muscles

The body uses three major

muscle types :
visceral (involuntary,
smooth)
skeletal (voluntary,
striated)
cardiac.

Tendons
Bands of fibrous connective tissue, tendons
attach muscle to the periosteum (fibrous
membrane covering the bone). They move
bones when skeletal muscles contract.

Ligaments
Ligaments: attached from bone to bone

Joints
Range from joints that dont move to joints
that freely move. This joint types separates
bones with a thin layers of fibrous
connective tissue.

Bones
Bones protect, support, allow for
locomotion and mineral storage (Ca,Mg)

Bursae
Located at frictions points arround joints
between tendons, ligaments, and bones,
these small synovial fluid sacs act as
cushions, decreasing stress to adjacent
structures

Functions of the Musculoskeletal

System
Function:
Protection
Hematopoiesis
Mineral homeostasis
Calcium
Phosphorus
Carbonate
Magnesium

Skeletal Movement
Skeletal movement is
caused primarily by
muscle contractions,
other musculoskeletal
structures also play a
role

The Lower Extremity

Hip
Thigh
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot

The Upper Extremity

Shoulder girdle
Arm
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

The Integumentary
System

The Integumentary System

Integument is skin
Skin and its appendages make up the
integumentary system
A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to it
Two distinct regions
Epidermis
Dermis

Functions of skin
Protection
Cushions and insulates and is waterproof
Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria
Screens UV

Synthesizes vitamin D with UV

Regulates body heat
Prevents unnecessary water loss
Sensory reception (nerve endings)
Excretion

Integumentary components
3 layers:
- Epidermis: the outer/superficial
protective layer
- Dermis: Deepest and thickest layer of the
integumentary system, comprising 2
layers, the papillary and reticular layers

Integumentary components (Conts)

- The hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue
layer binds the dermis of the skin to the
underlying muscle

Skin Structure :Epidermis

Most superficial layer
Two parts
Stratum corneum
Outermost layer
Mostly dead cells form an impermeable layer

Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

Deepest layer
Cells constantly dividing and pushing older cells
outward

Skin Structure :Epidermis (Conts)

Keratinocyte most common
Makes and accumulates keratin
Durable protein that makes the epidermis
waterproof and resistant to pathogens

Melanocyte
Makes the pigment melanin
Traps UV radiation and prevents damage to
underlying layers of the skin

Skin Structure :dermis

Deeper of the two skin layers
Contains all major tissue types, plus

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Sebaceous (oil) glands
Hair follicles and arrector pili muscles
Collagen, elastic, and nerve fibers
Blood vessels

Binds the epidermis to the

subcutaneous tissue

Skin Structure: Subcutaneous

Layer
Hypodermis
Composed of
Adipose (fat) and loose connective tissue
Blood vessels and nerves

Functions
Storage in adipose tissue
Cushions and insulates underlying
structures

Etiology of Musculoskeletal
System

Trauma
Inflammation
Neoplasms
Metabolic disease
Congenital Anomalies

Etiology of Integumentary
System

Hereditary
Neoplasms
Congenital Disease
Infections and Infestations

Clinical Appearances
Fractures
Excess stress or direct trauma is placed on a bone,
causing a break.
Gout
This is a metabolic disorder in which the body does
not properly metabolize purine based proteins.

 Osteoarthritis
A degenerative joint disease caused by the
wear and tear of the articular cartilage.
Osteoporosis
In this metabolic bone disorder, the rate of
bone resorption accelerates and the rate of
bone formation slows, reducing the patients
bone mass.

 Acne Vulgaris
This inflammatory disease of the sebaceous follicles
primarily affects adolescents .
Bacterial Infections
Bacterial skin infections include impetigo ;
folliculitis , furunculosis, and carbunculosis ; and
cellulitis.
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin, dermatitis occurs in
several forms ; atopic and seborrheic , nummular,
contact , chronic , exfoliative , stasis , and localized
neurodermatis.

The End Presentations