Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Convergence of Series
1 Convergence of Series
1 Convergence of Series
i.e. An infinite series converges to a sum S if for any given small positive
no. we can find a positive no N, st |Sn S| < , n N, where sn is the
sum of the first n terms of un
The series Sn is said to be divergent if
lim S n or
Example
Sn = 1+ 2 + 3 + + n
= n(n+1)/2
n (n 1)
lim S n lim
n
n
2
Hence, this series is divergent.
Sn = 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 .
S1 = 2, S2 = 0, S3 = 2, S4 = 0
lim S n does not exist. Hence it is oscillatory.
n
Geometric Series
a ar ar 2 ..... ar n 1 ........ ar n 1
S n a ar ar ..... ar
2
r Sn
n 1
n 1
ar ar 2 ..... ar n 1 ar n
(1 r )S n a (1 r n )
a (1 r n )
a
ar n
lim S n
n
(1 r )
1 r 1 r
Case I
than r n 0
| r | 1
lim S n
a
1 r
Convergent Series
Case II
| r | 1
than r n
lim S n
n
Case III
Divergent series
r=1
a + a + a + ..+ a = na Divergent Series
Case IV
r = -1
a - a + a - ..
Sn = a, if n is odd
Sn = 0, if n is even
Oscillatory Series
Case IV
n
(1 r )
(1 (k ))
if n is odd
- if n is even
1 2 4 8 .........
9 27
.........
2 4
5 5 5
.........
4 16 16
23
Oscillatory Series
Oscillatory Series
Divergent Series
Convergent Series to -1
N th Term Test
If
u
n 1
i.e if lim u n 0 then the series may not be convergent. It may diverge.
n
Hence lim u n is a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for convergence.
n
Pf : S n u 1 u 2 .......... u n
S n S n 1 u n
Let the series be convergent, and its sum upto infinity be S.
lim S n S
n
lim S n 1 S
n
lim u n S S 0
2 3 4
n
.......
..........
3 4 5
n 1
2 3 4
n
S n 1 .......
3 3 5
n 1
n
1
un
lim u n
1
n
n 1
1 1/ n
1
2
3
1
Sn 1
2
1
un
1
1
2
4
1
3
1
4
1
n
..........
.......
1
n
Sn n
lim S n
.......
lim u n
n
1
.......
0
1
n
n
n
n
n
Hence the series diverges.
...........
1
n
Ratio Test
lim
u n 1
then
r
un
Example
3
4 2 5 3
Test the series 2 x x x ...........
2
3
4
(n 1) n 1
un
x
n
u n 1
( n 2) n
x
(n 1)
u n 1 n (n 2)
lim
x x
2
un
(n 1)
Hence if x < 1, the series is convergent; and if x > 1, the series is divergent.
3 4 5
2
...........
If x = 1
2 3 4
n 1
u n lim
1 0
Thus the series is divergent.
n
Root Test
lim n u n r
then
Example
Discuss the convergence of the series
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
(n 1)
u n
n 1
n
lim u n
1/ n
e 1
n 1
n 1
1
lim 1
n
n
1
1
e 1
4
4
4
3
3
4
.............
u n 1/ n
1
n 1
(n 1) n 1 n 1
n 1
n
n
1
1 lim
n
n
1
1
1
1 1 1
n
n
n
ne
n 2
n 1
f ( x ) xe
x2
e
x 2
xe dx lim
m 2
x2
e m
e 1
lim
m 2
2
1
is finite.
2e
1
1
1
1
1
p p p .......... p .........
p
1
2
3
n
n 1 n
( p a real constant ) converges if p > 1, and diverges if p 1
1
If p 1, then f(x) p is a positive decreasing function of x.
x
p 1 m
1
x
p
dx
x
dx
lim
1 x p
1
m p 1
1
1
1
1
is finite.
lim p 1 1
p 1
1 p m m
When p = 1
1 1 1
1
.......... .........
1 2 3
n
f ( x )dx
dx log x 1
x
1 p
lim
m
1
f
(
x
)
dx
1
1 p m
The series diverges by Cauchys Integral Test for 0 < p < 1.
When p < 0
p
n
n 1
un np
Lt u n Lt n p
Comparison Test
Example
Test the convergence of series
1
3
5
........
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5
1
2
1
1
2n 1
n
vn 2
un
2
1
2
n
n
n (n 1)(n 2)
1 1
n
n
1
2
un
n
lim
lim
2
n v
n
1
2
n
1 1
n
n
n
1 r then
If un is a series of positive terms such that nlim
u
n 1
x
x2 x3 x4
...........
Test the convergence of series
1.2 3.4 5.6 7.8
n 1
xn
x
un
u n 1
(2n 1)(2n )
(2n 1)(2n 2)
1
1
u n 1
x n 1
(2n 1)(2n )
2n
x
1
2
un
(2n 1)(2n 2)
xn
2n
2n
u n 1
lim
x
n u
n
Hence if x < 1, the series is convergent; and if x > 1, the series is divergent.
If x = 1 test fails
un
lim n
1 r
n u
n 1
un
(2n 1)(2n 2)
lim n
1 lim n
1
n
u n 1
n (2n 1)(2n )
(8n 2)
2
lim n
n
(2n 1)(2n )
un
1
( 2n 1)(2n )
un
n log
r
If un is a series of positive terms such that lim
n
u n 1
then
................., x 0
2!
3!
4!
(n 1) n x n
n n 1 x n 1
u n 1
un
(n 1)!
n!
u n 1 (n 1) n x n
(n 1) n
n!
1
x 1
n 1
n 1 n 1
n
un
(n 1)! n x
(n 1)n
u n 1
1
1
lim
lim x 1 1
n u
n
n
n
n 1
xe
Hence if x < 1/e, the series is convergent; and if x > 1/e, the series is
divergent.
1
n 1 n
un
(n 1)! n e
n
un
e
n 1
u n 1
1
1
n
un
1
log
log e (n 1) log 1
u n 1
n
n 1
1
e
un
1
1
1
log
1 (n 1) 2 3 ..........
u n 1
3n
n 2n
n n 1
un
n!e n 1
un
1
1
1
1
1
log
1 1
2 .......... 2 3 ..........
u n 1
2n 3n
3n
n 2n
un
log
u n 1
1 1 1
1
2 ...............
2
2n
2n n 3n
3
5
2 ..........
2n 6n
un
3 5
n log
....
u n 1 2 6n
un
3
3 5
lim n log
.... 1
n
u n 1 2 6n
2
Alternating Series
lim u n 0
u1
u2
s2
s4
u3
u4
s3
s1
lim u n lim
1
1
1
1
(1 1) 1 1 1 1 ..........
2
3
4
5
1 1 1
(1 1 1 1 1 .....) 1 .....
2 3 4
Series is oscillatory.
1 1 1
.........
2 4 8
1 1 1 1
1 .........
2 3 4 5
sin n
is absolutely convergent.
2
n 1 n