PHYSICS FORM

4
INTRODUCTION TO
PHYSICS

Why P.H.Y.S.I.C.S?

D
SI
Y
PH
?
S
C

?
?

PHYSICAL QUANTITY
Physical quantity:
A quantity that can be measured
Divided into :
a) Base quantity
b) Derived quantity

Base quantity

BASE QUANTITIES

Length
Mass

Unit

Meter, m
Kilogram,
kg
Kelvin, K

Physical quantity
which cannot be
Temperat
defined in terms
ure
of other physical
Time
second, s
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
quantities.
Electric
Ampere,
current
Physical quantity which
combinesA
several basic quantities through
multiplication,
division or both.
Example:
Volume = length x length x
length
Density = mass / volume

Quantities
which has
only
magnitude
or size

Example:
Velocity, force,
displacement
and acceleration

SCALAR & VECTOR

QUANTITY

Example:
Mass, length, speed,
work and volume

Quantities
which has
magnitude
and direction

SCALAR & VECTOR

QUANTITY
Decide which events require magnitude,
direction or both to specify them.
The
temperatur
e today is
32 C W

The library
is 5 km to
the north of
the
SAKURAs
hall C

Magnitude only

A student
need to run
at 2 m/s
from Astaka
to Aspuri. X

Has magnitude and

direction

STANDARD FORM
Used to simplify the expression of
very large and small numbers
1<A<
n
A X 10
10 and n
=
Example:
integer
Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000
000
000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg
My future mass of gold= 345 ooo ooo ooo
ooo ooo ooo ooo ooo kg
The
number
is too
small

PREFIXES
Usually used to represent a
large physical quantity or
extremely small quantity in
S.I
written before
How unit
am I
going to
the unit as a
remember
them?
multiplying
?
Example:
factor
?
3.0
Tm = 3.0 x 1012
m
1.2 s = 1.2 x 10-6
s

Tera
(T)
Giga
(G)
Mega
(M)
kilo
(k)
deci(d
)
centi
(c)
mili
(m)
micro(

]
]
]
]
]
]
]

1012
109
106
103
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6

3.0 Tm = 3.0
12
x 10 m
1.2 s = 1.2

2.5 x 10
m= 2.5 pm
9
1.75 x 10 s
-12

CONVERTING THE UNIT

Is it so hard or is it just too
easy or may be I am not from
this world

CONVERTING THE UNIT

Try changes the unit and give the
answer in standard form.
Convert 20 Tm to mm
20 Tm = 20 x 1012 m
= 2.0 x 101x 1012 m
= 2.0 x 1013 m
= 2.0 x1013 x 1 m
= 2.0 x 1013 x 103 mm
= 2.0 x 1016 mm #

1 mm = 10-3m
Thus,
1 m = 103mm

LETS TRY IT YOURSELF!

Which of the following has the
smallest and largest 8values?

24.5 x 10 mm
24.5 x 10 -10 Tm
24.5 x 10 3 km
24.5 x 10 -8 m
24.5 x 10 2 dm

TRY AGAIN!
Convert the given value:

a. 29.5 mm to
Mm
b. 2.11 x 10-16
Gbyte to
cbyte
c. 0.034 kg to
mg

PHYSICS IS A SUPERHERO!

How to convert
cm to m?

Try to convert 56
dm to m.

How to convert
unit like Density?

Answer as much as
you can within the
time given ( 5
minutes)

a. 342 mm to Gm
-10
b. 2.11 x 10 Tbyte
to dbyte
c. 0.0000134 mg to
Gg
d. 112.3 Ts to s
7
e. 12.3 x 10 TA to mA
f. 93.4 dg to pg
g. 13.5 km/h to m/s
h. 786.3 g/cm 3 to

Halo! We meet
again!

DXKQ

MEASUREMENT
There are various types of measuring
instrument with different measuring
capabilities
We must know how to choose the
appropriate instrument
to measure
Range of
Smallesta
Measuring
measuremen
scale
particular
quantity
instrument
Measuring
cylinder

Meter rule

division

Up to a few
meters

0.1 cm

1m

0. 1 cm
( 0.01 m)

Before that, lets learn on

accuracy, consistency and
sensitivity in
measurement

CONSISTENCY
DEFINITION:
The ability of an
instrument to
measure
consistently with
little or no
relative deviation
among readings.

EXAMP
LE:
X X
X XX

ACCURACY
DEFINITION:
The ability of an
instrument to
measure
nearest to the
actual value

EXAMP
LE:
X X
XXX

SENSITIVITY
DEFINITION:
The ability of an instrument to
detect a small change in the
quantity measured

EXAMPLE
Stude
t1 / s
t2 / s
t3 / s
nt
Arman
10.3
10.5
10.4
Christin
10.5
9.2
8.3
a
Three11.2
students 11.9
is competing
in a
Junaidi
12.0
100 m competition. Among
them, which one is much more
faster? Which one of them has
more consistent result?

Accurate or consistent?
Targ
et

Let us learn about two

of the measuring
instrument!

VERNIER CALLIPERS

A venier calliper is used to measure:

a. Small objects
b. Depth of a hole
c. External diameter of a cylinder or
pipe
d. Internal diameter of a cylinder or

HOW TO READ?

2. Read
the main
scale and
record the
Main
scale
SKALA
UTAMA
value

inside jaws
cm

Vernier
scale
0
1

0
10

outside jaws
Main scale in cm

1.
Determine
the zero
error of
measuring 2. Read the
vernier scale
scale
0

and record the

value

10

Vernier scale

4. Reading =
(main scale +
vernier scale)
zero error

Read the main

scale before the
zero line on
vernier
scale
0

1 2 3 4 5

cm

Main
scale

Verni
er
Find the division of scale
6 7 8 9 10

vernier scale which is

Main scale: 0.20
cm with any
coincides
of cm
the main scale
Vernier scale:part
0.05

Final reading : 0.20 +

0.05 cm = 0.25 cm

PHYSICS = UNIVERSAL

MICROMETER SCREW
GAUGE

A micrometer screw gauge is

used to measure:
a.Object that are small in size
b.Diameter of a wire
c.Diameter of small spheres

HOW TO READ?

1. Read
the main
scale and
record the
value

Read the
thimble scale
and record the
value
2.

Read the main scale

by using the
horizontal reference
line
0

0. 1.
Main
5 5
scale

Find the division of

thimble scale which is
Main scale: 2.00 mm
coincides
Vernier scale: 0.22
mm with any
part of the main scale

Final reading : 2.00 mm +

0.22 mm= 2.22 mm

OTHERS
Besides micrometer screw gauge and
vernier callipers, there are:
a. Meter rule
b. Measuring cylinder
c. Ammeter
d. Stopwatch etc.
As each one of them has their
own function to
measure a
physical quantities.

ERROR IN
MEASUREMENT
All measurement is on an
approximation because
there is an existence of
error in all the
measurement.

Systematic errorErrors that

coming from
the
instrument

Errors that
coming
from
human

SYSTEMATIC ERROR
CAUSE:
A weakness of the
instrument
The difference
between reaction
time of the brain
and the action
Zero error is when
the pointer is not
at zero when not in
use.

EXAMPLE:
Absolute
error
Zero error
Reaction
time of the
brain

SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Absolute error
Refer to the smallest reading that can be
measured by an instrument
Example:
If, the smallest reading = 0.1 cm
Then, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2
= 0.05 cm

SYSTEMATIC ERROR
Zero error

Where the pointer is not at zero

when not in use
0

cm

cm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Zero error =
+0.03 cm

Positive
zero
error

cm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Zero error = 0.04 cm

Negativ
e zero
error

ZERO ERROR
Horizontal
reference

2
divisio
ns
below
horizon
Zero error tal
=
referen
+0.02 cm ce

Positive
zero
error

Horizontal
reference

Zero error
-0.03 cm

3
divisio
ns
below
horizon
=tal
referen
ce

Negativ
e zero
error

ACTUAL VALUE

ading = Observed reading

Try some
examples

RANDOM ERROR
CAUSE:
Carelessness in
making the
measurement
Incorrect
positioning of the
eye when taking
the readings.
Sudden change of
ambient factors
such as

EXAMPLE:
Parallax
error
Readings
are close to
the actual
values but

RANDOM ERROR
Parallax error
It occurs because the position of the eye
is not perpendicular to the instrument.
Example:
Wron
g
Right position of the eye
(no error)
Wron
g

JOM CUBA

Using a vernier calliper,

measure:
a.External diameter of a
trees branch
b.Depth of a can
c.Diameter of your wrist
Usingofa amicrometer screw
d.Internal diameter
gauge, measure:
key hole
a.Diameter of a
mechanical pencils lead
b.Diameter of a staplers
bullet
c.Diameter of a straw

Mr. Physics ]] YOU

The last subtopic..

SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION

COMING
SOON!