VISHWAKARMA GOV.

ENGG. COLLEGE

UNDERSTANDING AND
APPLICATIONS OF
DERIVATIVE
BY:GROUP-E
Taarak
Dhruv
Akshay
Mihir
Bhavik
Hitarth

UNDERSTANDING OF
DERIVATIVE
Differentiation:Differentiation is a method to compute
the rate at which a dependent variable y
changes with respect to the change in the
independent variable x.

GEOMETRICAL MEANING OF
DERIVATIVE
Let us consider a function y=f(x) and x and
y are real numbers. If the graph of y is
plotted against x, the derivative is the
measure of slope of this graph at each point.
Let a point Q(x+h,f(x+h)) is very near to point
P(y, f(x)). The value of g/h is an
approximation to the slope of the tangent
which we require.
My Pictures\graph of aod.bmp

 Also it can be written as change in y adv

etgsegsgsgsgsegsgs
change in x dad or gm = y
gtsststx
If we move Q closer and closer to P, the line
PQ will get closer and closer to the tangent at
P and so the slope of PQ gets closer to the
slope we require. If we let Q go all the way to
touch P (i.e, h=0), then we would have the
exact slope of the tangent.

 Now,
dogs

g = f(x+h) f(x)
h
h
So, also the slope of PQ will be given by
a
m = f(x+h) f(x)
so
h

But we require the slope at P, so let h 0

then infact, Q will approach P and g/h will
approach the required slope. Putting this
together, the slope of the tangent at P is

dy = limx 0 f(x+h) f(x)

do dx
h

It gives the instantaneous rate of change of

y w.r.t x.

DIFFERNTIABILITY AT A
POINT
Let f(x) be a real valuated function defined on
an open interval (a,b) and let c(a,b). Then
f(x) is said to be differentiable or derivable
at x=c, if limx c f(x) f(c) exists finitely.
The
x-c
The limit is called the derivative or
differential coefficient of the function f(x)
at x=c and is denoted by fl(c) or Df(c) or
d(f(x))
dx
x=c

 Thus, f(x) is differntiable at x=c

do limx c f(x) f(c) exists finitely
do
x-c
do limx c- f(x) f(c) = limx c+ f(x) f(c)
do
x-c
x-c
do The first one is called left hand limit and
the second one is called right land limit.
Thus, f(x) is differentiable at x=c
L.H.L=R.H.L. If L.H.LR.H.L then f(x) is not
differentiable at x=c.

RULES FOR
DIFFERENTIATION: d [f(x)g(x)] = d f(x) d g(x)
dx
dx
dx
d [f(x) . g(x)] = d f(x)d g(x) + d f(x)d g(x)
dx
dx dx
dx
dx
d [f(x)/g(x)] = g(x). fl (x) f(x). gl (x) dx
[g(x)]2
where g(x)0
d [k.f(x)] = k d f(x);where k=constant dx
dx

 Chain rule:- If y is a function of z and z

is a function of x, then
dy = dy .ddz
dx
dz dx
If x and y are separately given as
functions of a single variable t(called as
parameter) ie x=f(t) and y=g(t), then
dy = dy/dt = gl(t)
dx
dx/dt fl(t)

DIFFERNTIATION OF SOME
FUNCTIONS
sinx:-cosx
ln x:- 1/x
ex :- ex

DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY &

ACCELERATION
Displacement, velocity and acceleration are
correlated with each other as under.
Velocity(v)
= dx
dt
dt
acceleration(a) = dv
dt
dt

STRICTLY INCREASING
FUNCTION
A function f(x) is called strictly increasing
function on its domain if
x x1 < x2
f(x1) < f(x2)
Therefore, for the smaller input we
get smaller output and vice versa.
Graphically it can be represented as: My
Pictures\inceasing.bmp

 In the graph,
fl(x) = limx 0 f(x+h) f(x)
do
h
As x1 < x2
f(x1) < f(x2)
Thus, f(x) < f(x+h)
fl(x) = limx 0 positive
p
positive
ie, fl(x) > 0
Thus f(x) will be strictly increasing if
fl(x) > 0 , for all x domain

STRICTLY DECREASING
FUNCTION
A function f(x) is called strictly decreasing
function in its domain, if
x1 < x2
f(x1) > f(x2).
Therefore for the smaller input we have
higher output and for higher value of input we
have smaller output and vice versa.
Graphically it can be shown as:-My
Pictures\decreasing.bmp

 In the graph,
fl(x) = limx 0 f(x+h) f(x)
do
h
As x1 < x2
f(x1) > f(x2)
Thus f(x+h) < f(x)
fl(x) = limx 0 negative
p
positive
ie, fl(x) < 0.
Thus f(x) will be strictly decreasing
if fl(x) < 0, for all x domain

EXERCISE
If S is the set such that f(x)= 8x2 ln lxl
increases in S, then S contains
a) [-1/4,0)
b) [-,-1/4)
c) (0,1/4)
d) none
The function f(x)= x1/x increasing in the
interval
a) (e,)
b) (-,e)
c) (-e,e)
d) none

CONCAVE UP AND CONCAVE

DOWN
Concave up:-

The graph of a differentiable function y=f(x)

is concave up on an open interval I, if fl(x) is
increasing on I.
In other way, let y=f(x) be twice
differentiable on interval I. If fll(x) > 0 on I,
the graph of f(x) over I is concave up.
do My Pictures\inceasing.bmp

 Concave down:-

The graph of a differentiable function y=f(x)

is concave down on an open interval I, if fl(x)
is decreasing on I.
Therefore the function y=f(x) is twice
differentiable on interval I if fll(x) < 0 on I,
the graph of f(x) over I is concave down.