You are participating in a race.

You
overtake the second person. What position
are you in?
Answer: If you answered that you are first,
then you are absolutely wrong! If you
overtake the second person and you take his
place, you are second!

Am I an intelligent person?

How intelligent am I?

How do we judge if someone is intelligent or

not?

How can we measure the intelligence of a

person?

There are some other questions too:

What is intelligence?
Is intelligence how one deals with others? or
Is intelligence how precisely we learn a new
task? or
Is it how good we are in our studies? Or
Is intelligence how well we can solve
problems? or

According to Feldman intelligence is

the capacity to understand the world,
think rationally, and use resources
effectively
when
faced
with
challenges
It is an inborn all-round mental
efficiency and also as mental energy
capable of being transferred from one
activity to another.

Intelligence is the ability to learn about, learn

from understand, and interact with ones
environment. This general ability consist of a
number of specific abilities :
Adaptability to a new environment or to
change in the current environment
Capacity for knowledge and the ability to
acquire it
Capacity for reason & abstract thought
Ability to comprehend relationships
Ability to evaluate & judge
Capacity for original and productive thought

David Wechsler (1944) defines

intelligence as The aggregate or
the global capacity of the individual
to
act
purposefully,
to
think
rationally and to deal effectively
with his environment.
David G. Myers (2004) defines it as
the mental quality consisting of
the ability to learn from experience,
solve problem, and use knowledge
to adapt to new situations.

PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH : gives emphasis on

quantifying cognitive factors that compose intellectual
performance.

Lumpers ( psychologist who adherents of psychometric approach)

o

Lump or put the cognitive factors together. They define

Intelligence as a general unified capacity for reasoning,
acquiring knowledge and solving problems.

Splitters ( psychologist who adherents of psychometric approach)

o

Define Intelligence as consisting of separate mental

abilities that function more or less independently. Howard
Gardner, one of the splitters was against the idea that
intelligence is a single factor that can be measured by a
single score, such as IQ score. Based on Gadners multiplefactor theory there are at least eight multiple intelligences.

It helps us adapt to new or changed

situations quickly and correctly .
It is important for learning and
solving problems .
We are to observe relationships and
detect absurdities.
It
helps
in
building
our
resourcefulness.
It is important for making effective
decisions and choices in life.
It helps us in our interpersonal
relationships.

According to Edward L
Thorndike

Abstract intelligence.
Mechanical or concrete intelligence
Social intelligence

What it deals with

Verbal- Linguistic

The ability to use words and language

Logical Mathematical

The ability to think conceptually and abstractly and capacity to

discern logical or numerical patterns

Visual Spatial

The ability to visualize objects and spatial dimensions, and create

internal images and pictures

Body Kinesthetic

The ability to control ones body moments and to handle objects

skillfully

Musical Rhythmic

The ability to recognize tonal patterns and sound , as well as a

sensitivity to rhythms and beats

Interpersonal

The Capacity
relationships

InterpersonalTypes
intelligence

of

for

person-to-person

communications

and

The Capacity to be self-aware and in tune with inner feelings,

values, beliefs and thinking processes

Naturalist

The ability to recognize and categories plant , animals and other

objects in nature

Existential

The sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human

existence, such as the meaning of life why do life , why do we
die, and how did we get here

The ability to communicate

thoughts and ideas well, speak
and write language or new
languages.
Careers most associated with
linguistic intelligence include:
-Writers
-Poets
-Communications

("Theories of intelligence," )

The ability to perform and solve

complex mathematical
problems. Also, the ability to
engage in logical
arguments/conversations.
Careers most associated with
Logical-Mathematical
Intelligence include:
-Mathematicians
-Math teachers
("Theories of intelligence," )

Musical Intelligence is:

The ability to learn how to
read and write music and play
an instrument well.
Careers most associated with
Musical Intelligence include:
-Composer
-Musician
("Theories of intelligence," )

What is Bodily-kinesthetic
Intelligence?
The ability to use the body to
perform different tasks in a fluid
motion. The ability to run, jump,
and dance fluently and with rhythm.
Careers most associated with bodilykinesthetic intelligence include:
-Dancers
-Athletes
("Theories of intelligence," )

Interpersonal Intelligence is:

The ability to connect with others on an
emotional level. The ability to assess a
situation and understand and sense
how others are feeling, as well as how
to handle an emotional situation.
Careers most associated with
interpersonal intelligence include
-Teachers
-Psychiatrist/Psychologist
-Counselors
("Theories of intelligence," )

Intrapersonal intelligence is
knowing yourself inside and out.
This is the ability to know your
own strengths and weaknesses.
Careers most associated with
intrapersonal intelligence include:
-Entrepreneur

("Theories of intelligence," )

Naturalistic intelligence is:

The ability to work with biology
and work with and around
natural settings.
Careers most associated with
naturalistic intelligence include:
-Naturalists
-Biologists
("Theories of intelligence," )

The

ability to visually perceive

items such as reading a map or
arranging items to make them
fit into a predetermined space.
Careers most associated with
spatial intelligence include:
-Navigator
-Artist
("Theories of intelligence," )

Spearmans two-factor
theory
Thurstones theory of
primary mental abilities
Sternbergs triarchic
theory of intelligence
Cattells theory

Proposed a theory of two factors

and also called G factor theory.
g or General factor ands or
Specific factor.

Analytical thinking: Problem

solving, monitoring, reflection
and transfer.
Creative thinking: focuses on
developing an applying new
ideas and creating solutions.
Practical thinking: common
sense.

Raymond Cattell (1963) believed that g

is composed of fluid and crystallized
intelligence.

Fluid intelligence to be based on the

ability

to

see

relationship

between

things and be think logically and in the

abstract.

In contrast, crystallised intelligence is

based on think acquired knowledge and
skills.

Heredity
Neurobiological factors
Environment

Classification

IQ range

Very Superior

130 and above

Expected %
population
2.1

Superior

120-129

8.3

High Average

110-119

16.1

Average

90-109

50.3

Low Average

80-89

14.8

Borderline

70-79

6.5

Extremely

69and below

1.9

in

the

Mental retardation refers to

significantly subaverage general
intellectual functioning resulting in or
associated with concurrent impairments in
adaptive behavior & manifested during the
developmental period

(American Association on Mental

Deficiency,1983).

About 3% of the world population

is estimated to be mentally
retarded.
In India, 5 out of 1000 children are
mentally retarded.
Mental retardation is more
common in boys than girls.
With severe & profound mental
retardation mortality is high due to
associated physical disease.

Genetic
Factors
Chromosomal

abnormalities
Downs

syndromes
Fragile X syndrome
Trisomy X syndrome
Turners syndrome
Cat-cry syndrome
Prader-willi syndrome

Cranial malformation
Hydrocephaly
Microcephaly

Genetic
Factors
Metabolic disorders
Phenylketonuria
Wilsons disease
Galactosemia

Gross disease of
brain
Tuberous scleroses
Neurofibromatosis
Epilepsy

Infection

Rubella

Cytomegalovirus
Syphilis

Toxoplasmosis, herpes
simplex
Endocrine disorders

Hypothyroidism

Hypoparathyrodism

Diabetes mellitus

Intoxication
Lead

& certain drug

Substance abuse

Physical damage &

disorders
Injury
Hypoxia
Radiation
Hypertension
Anemia
Emphysema

Placental
dysfunction
Toxemia of pregnancy
Placenta previa
Cord prolapse
Nutrition growth

retardation

Perinatal Factors
Birth

asphyxia
Prolonged or
difficult birth
Prematurity
Kernicterus
Instrumental
delivery

Environmental & socio-

cultural Factors
Cultural deprivation
Low socio-economic status
Inadequate caretakers
Child abuse

Postnatal
Factors
Infections
i.Encephalitis
ii.Measles
iii.Meningitis
iv.Septicemia
Accidents
Lead poisoning

Mild Retardation (IQ 50-70

This is commonest
type of mental retardation accounting for 8590% of all cases. These individuals have
minimum retardation in sensory-motor areas.

Moderate Retardation (IQ 35-50)

About 10% of mentally retarded
come under this group.

Severe Retardation (IQ 20-35)

Severe mental retardation
is often recognized early in life with poor
motor development & absent or markedly
delayed speech & communication skills.

Profound Retardation (IQ below 20)

This group accounts
for 1-2% of all mentally retarded. The
achievement of developmental milestones
is markedly delayed. They require constant
nursing care & supervision.

Failure to achieve developmental

milestones
Deficiency in cognitive
functioning such as inability to
follow commands or directions
Failure to achieve intellectual
developmental markers
Reduced ability to learn or to
meet academic demands
Expressive or receptive language
problems

Psychomotor skill deficits

Difficulty performing self-esteem
Irritability when frustrated or upset
Depression or labile moods
Acting-out behavior
Persistence of infantile behavior
Lack of curiosity.

History collection from parents &

caretakers
Physical examination
Neurological examination
Assessing milestones development
Investigations

Urine & blood examination for metabolic

disorders
Culture for cytogenic & biochemical studies
Amniocentesis in infant chromosomal
disorders
chorionic villi sampling
Hearing & speech evaluation

EEG, especially if seizure are

present
CT scan or MRI brain, for example,
in tuberous sclerosis
Thyroid function tests when
cretinism is suspected
Psychological tests like Stanford
Binet Intelligence Scale & Wechsler
Intelligence Scale for Childrens
(WISC), for categorizing the childs
level of disability.

Behavior management
Environmental supervision
Monitoring the childs development needs & problems.
Programs that maximize speech, language, cognitive, psychomotor,
social, self-care, & occupational skills.
Ongoing evaluation for overlapping psychiatric disorders, such as
depression, bipolar disorder, & ADHD.
Family therapy to help parents develop coping skills & deal with guilt or
anger.
Early intervention programs for children younger than 3 with mental
retardation
Provide day schools to train the child in basic skills, such as bathing &
feeding.
Vocational training.

Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale:

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS) is used to test adults.
Indian Child Intelligence Test (I.C.I.T)

Items for an eight year old child:

TO define eight word from a given list of
word
TO reproduce stories
Verbal absurdities : TO identify what is
foolish about statements .
To tell similarities and differences between
objects.
Comprehension , e.g., What will you do if a
playmate hits you without meaning to do so?
Memory for sentences

Amount of information
General comprehension
memory span for digits, forwards and
backwards
Ability to see similarities in situations
provided
Ability to reason in arithmetical problems
Ability to size up a total situation through
picture arrangements
Ability to perceive forms and patterns
through
block
designs
and
picture
completion.

Individual vs Group tests.

Verbal , Non verbal and performance tests.

To evaluate the abilities of individual learner

Helps to classify the students into groups
Selection of students in admission.
Vocational guidance and counseling
Child guidance
Recruitment
Research purpose.

They cannot measure intelligence with

mathematical accuracy.
The score reflect not only innate abilities,
but also a persons education and familiarity
with culture assumed.
They do not throw light on individuals
chgaracter, morals emotions or temparemnt
Influenced by test taking abilities.some tests
are culturally biased.

Psychological Test - written, visual, or verbal

evaluations administered to assess the cognitive
and emotional functioning of children and adults.

Two Characteristics of Good Psychological Test :

Reliability

: refers to consistency. It means that a persons

scores on a test or on similar tests given at different
periods of time are close or almost the same.
Validity : means that the test measures what it is
supposed to measure.

Raven Progressive Matrices a widely use

intelligence test in many research and applied
settings. In each item, one is asked to find missing
pattern in a series.
RPM was designed primarily as a measure of
Spearmans g. There are 3 different tests for
different abilities:
Colored

Progressive Matrices (younger children &

special groups)