Additional Tools

Seven Commonly used Statistical Tools in QC

1. Check sheet
2. Pareto chart
3. Flow chart
4. Cause and Effect Diagram
5. Histogram
6. Scatter Diagram
7. Control chart

Additional Tools

Additional simple Statistical Tools

1. Stratification
2. Brain storming
3. Affinity Diagram
4. Tree Diagram
5. Bench Marking
Though all these tools do not use statistical
techniques, these are often called as Simple Statistical
Tools

Additional Tools

Stratification
Technique of collecting and recording data based on
segregated elements

Stratification
Is separation of data into groups
Helps in testing theories proved or disproved
Usually requires several different classifications
Best interpreted in graphic form

Additional Tools

Stratification
Stratification means segregation to the source
Examine the following data related to rejections of a product
Period

Quantity
produced

Quantity
rejected

Week 1

210

12

5.7

Week 2

250

15

6.0

Week 3

240

15

6.3

Week 3

220

10

4.5

Additional Tools

The same data shift wise shows some other information

Period

Quantity
produced

Quantity
rejected

Week 1

A shift
B Shift

120
90

4
8

3.3
8.9

Week 2

A shift
B Shift

150
100

5
10

3.3
10.0

Week 3

A shift
B Shift

140
100

6
9

4.3
9.0

Week 3

A shift
B Shift

120
100

4
6

3.3
6.0

This shows rejection in B shift is larger than that of A shift

Additional Tools

Brain storming
A technique for tapping creative thinking of a team to
generate and clarify a list of ideas
Used to identify possible solutions to problems and
potential opportunities for improvement
There are two phases

Idea generation phase

Clarification phase

Additional Tools

Brain Storming Idea generation phase

The facilitator reviews and explains the purpose of the
Brainstorming
Members express their ideas
No question is asked on the validity of the idea at this
stage no evaluation
Generation of as many ideas as possible

Additional Tools

Brain Storming Clarification phase

Review the list of ideas

All the participants understand all the ideas given

Member giving the idea is given opportunity to explain
the idea no criticism of ideas
Ideas are evaluated after the brainstorming session

Additional Tools

Affinity Diagram
Used to organize into groups the large number
of ideas/ opinions related to a specific topic
Usually ideas generated through brainstorming
are used for grouping

Each idea is written on card and mixed

Group the related ideas

Create a Header card for each group

Transfer the information on to paper to draw

an affinity diagram

Additional Tools

Tree Diagram
Used to show relation ship between a topic and
components elements
Systematically breaking the topic into the components
elements
Ideas generated through Brainstorming and grouped
through affinity diagram
Used for planning and problem solving

T131

T1311

T132

T1321

T13

T1211
T12

T121

Topic 1

T1212
T111
T11

Main topic & Component elements

T112

T1121

T113

T1131

Additional Tools

Fault Tree Analysis

When tree diagram is used for analysis of problem and
drawn with main problem at top and branching down, it
is often called as Fault Tree Analysis
It is good tool for problem analysis and investigation
If probability of occurrence of each element is also
added a logic tree diagram is obtained. In this diagram
logic gates can be used to make it more useful

Additional Tools

Fault Tree Analysis

Problem
Cause 1
Cause 11
Cause 12

Cause 2
Cause 21

Cause 22

Cause 211

Cause 221

Cause 121
Cause 2111

Cause 2211
Cause 2112

Cause 23
Cause 232
Cause 231
Cause 2321

Fault Tree Analysis

Additional Tools

Using logic symbols

Problem
OR

Cause 1
AND

Cause 11

Cause 2
NAND

Cause 12

Cause 22

Cause 21
Cause 221

OR

Cause 222

Additional Tools

Bench Marking
Used to compare a processes against those recognised
as leaders in the field to identify opportunity for
improvement
Benchmarking compares

Processes

Products

Services

Enables identification of targets & establishment of

priorities

Additional Tools

Benchmarking steps involved

Determine items to benchmark
Determine who to benchmark against
Collect data
Organize and analysis data
Establish benchmarks

Additional Tools

Types of Benchmarking
1. Internal
2. Among sister concerns
3. Competitors
4. Non-competitors