Distributed Protocol Stacks: Fabrizio Granelli

19-23 May 2008
Beijing, China
Distributed Protocol
Stacks
Dzmitry Kliazovich and Fabrizio Granelli
University of Trento, Italy

TCP/IP Layering
 TCP/IP protocol reference model, the de facto standard in
Internet, is based on ISO/OSI layering principles
 Reasons: Interoperability and Fast Deployment
 TCP/IP layering drove the success of Internet in 90s

 Demonstrates good performance in homogeneous networks
which rely on similar PHY technologies
However, nowadays networks are

different - Heterogeneous !!!
26 - 30 November 2007 Fabrizio Granelli (granelli@dit.unitn.it)

Heterogeneity
 Network Heterogeneity
 Devices: hand-held, mobile, sensors
 Links & protocols: Wireless and Wired
 Services: variety of applications, data and services
 Need for rapid deployment and organization
 Leads to poor TCP/IP performance, due to

 Strict layering
 Lack of cooperation and coordination
C. Barakat, E. Altman, and W. Dabbous, “On TCP performance in a

heterogeneous network: a survey”, IEEE Communications Magazine,
vol. 38, no. 1, January 2000, pp. 40 – 46.

TCP/IP optimization in
Heterogeneous Networks
 Cross-Layering
 Allows awareness and cooperation between protocol layers
 Joined, coupled design
 Examples: TCP notification of non-congestion related losses
 Agent-Based Networking
 Aims at introduction of active functionalities in the passive
network core
 Examples: Web-proxy, cashing proxy

Our Approach
Agent-based
Layered Design Cross-Layering
Networking
Distributed Protocol Stacks
 Idea: Extend the idea of protocol stack

modularity making it network-wide
 Design Details
 Each functional block of the protocol stack (a protocol layer or
its part) can be abstracted into a separate module and
implemented at a different node in the network
 Communication between host protocol stack and removed
module is performed using a custom “lightweight” protocol
 Applications (or What is it for?)

 Move protocol stack functions that generate high communication
overhead into the network core behind the bottleneck link
 Caution: not all the protocol stack functions can be abstracted
and separated

Wide-Area
Network (WAN) Subnet
Host Node
Network Element
Module Running Layer n
Environment (MRE)
Functional
block
Functional Block
Library
layer n layer 3
Internal Module
Connection Interface
(IMCI)
layer 2 layer 2
layer 1 layer 1
Module Interconnection
Protocol (MIP)
Router protocol stack Host protocol stack
External Module
(EMCI)

Wide-Area
Network (WAN) Subnet
Host Node
Network Element
Design Procedures
Module Running Layer n

Environment (MRE)
Functional
block
Functional Block
Library
layer n layer 3
Internal Module
(IMCI)
 Abstraction: identification and isolation of a

layer 2 layer 2
particular function or set of functions of the

layer 1 layer 1
Module Interconnection
Protocol (MIP)
protocol stack
Router protocol stack Host protocol stack
External Module
(EMCI)
 Detachment: separation of the chosen function or a set of functions into

a standalone functional block as well as its registration, transfer, and
execution with “friendly” network elements (routers, switches, or
gateways)
 Communication between detached functional block and the host

protocol stack
 Execution: triggered by the host node or performed automatically by

Module Running Environment (MRE) implemented by the network
element
 Concerns
 Interoperability
 Incremental deployment
 Benefits
 Protocol stack performance
 Enablers for new user applications
 Driven by network operator perspective
Design of Distributed Protocol Stack solutions should be driven

by cost/benefits analysis !!!

A Case Study
3G LTE background Bottleneck
link
IP network
File Server Base station User Terminal
Transport TCP data Transport

Output()
TCP ACKs TCP ACKs
ACK gen
Module running
Network environment Network
Link Link Link Link
Physical Physical Physical Physical
Custom
protocol

ARQ Proxy - Approach
Evolved Packet
Core
File Server User Equipment
Enhanced Node B
(UE)
(eNB)
TCP ARQ Proxy MAC MAC ARQ Client TCP
TCP Data
PHY /LL TCP
Headers Data
TCP Data
o Access TCP header Generate

o Get IP addr, port, etc. TCP ACK
TCP ACK
o Generate TCP ACK & store
HARQ TCP
+ Index
TCP ACK ACK Index
Index o Compute TCP ACK
identification index
TCP ACK

ARQ Proxy - Benefits
 Reduced RTT (Round Trip Time)
TCP Data
IP Network
Fixed Host
Enhanced Node B Mobile Node
(FH ) (eNB) (MN)
TCP ACK
Medium Access + TCP ACK

Transmission over radio channel
Dzmitry Kliazovich
(kliazovich@dit.unitn.it) Sept. 11, 2007
 End-to-end TCP semantics are maintained
TCP Data
IP Network
Fixed Host
(FH ) (eNB) (MN)
TCP ACK LL-ACK
Dzmitry Kliazovich
 Higher channel error rates tolerance
Wired channel Wireless channel
(BER = 10-6 to 10-8) (BER = 10-3 to 10-1)
IP Network
Fixed Host
(FH ) (eNB) (MN)
TCP ACK
No TCP ACK over radio channel
Dzmitry Kliazovich
 Mobility & Incremental deployment
No TCP state
related information
is maintained
IP Network
Fixed Host
(FH ) (eNB) (MN)
ARQ Proxy ARQ Client
Dzmitry Kliazovich
Current Activities and Future Work
 ARQ proxy material
 ARQ proxy for WiFi (IEEE 802.11)
• F. Granelli, D. Kliazovich, J. Hui, and M. Devetsikiotis, "Performance Optimization of Single-
Cell Voice over WiFi Communications Using Quantitative Cross-Layering Analysis," 20th
Iternational Teletraffic Congress (ITC'20), Ottawa, Canada, June 2007.
 ARQ proxy for 3G LTE (Super-3G)

• D. Kliazovich, F. Granelli, S. Redana and N. Riato, “Cross-Layer Error Control Optimization
in 3G LTE,” IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Washington, DC, U.S.A,
December 2007.
 ARQ proxy for WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)

• Submitted for publication in Globecom 2008.
Dzmitry Kliazovich
Current Activities and Future Work
 ARQ proxy material
 EU patent-pending
• D. Kliazovich, F. Granelli, S. Redana, and N. Riato, “Cross-Layer Error
Recovery Optimization for 3G LTE Systems,” EP 07425087.9
 Proposal to 3GPP standardization group
 Under consideration for next generation equipment

produced by Nokia Siemens Network (NSN)
Dzmitry Kliazovich
Conclusions
 Reallocation of protocol stack functions in the network
creates an additional degree of freedom for optimization
 The proposed Distributed Protocol Stacks are considered

for Next Generation Internet (NGI)
 Brings novel applications, optimal protocol stack

performance, and better configurability at the expense
of reduced interoperability and incremental deployment
Dzmitry Kliazovich
Thank you!

ARQ Proxy – Packet Identification
 3G LTE: Hash values  WiFi: Frame Sequence Numbers
Input Hash Value PHY LL
TCP data
Header Header
PHY LL
TCP data
Hash DCF53473
Header Header
function
Sequence
Address 3 Address 4
Control
B0 B3 B4 B15
Fragment Sequence Number
Number
Bits: 4 12
Hybrid ARQ (HARQ-ACK)

or
HARQ
ACK
Enhanced Node B User Equipment

(eNB) (UE)

ARQ Proxy - Limitations
 TCP ACKs are not substituted:
 During connection establishment and connection
termination packets (identified by SIN and FIN flags)
 For TCP ACK encapsulated into TCP data packet in
case of bidirectional data transfer
 For Duplicate TCP ACKs
 TCP ACK advertising exhausted receive buffer
resources (rwnd field)
Dzmitry Kliazovich
Evaluation: 3G LTE scenario
 Round Trip Time (RTT)  Hash value errors
90 0.7
80
0.6
Average TCP Throughput (Mb/s)

70
0.5
60
RTT (ms)
50 0.4
40 0.3
30
0.2
20
0.1
10 TCP
TCP + ARQ Proxy
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Simulation time (s) Hash error rate
Dzmitry Kliazovich
Sept. 11, 2007 (kliazovich@dit.unitn.it)
WiFi: Evaluation Results
 Throughput performance
6 ARQ proxy ON
ARQ proxy OFF
Improvement: 20%
5
Throughput (Mb/s)
Improvement:1
up to 100%
VoIP and Multimedia 0 TCP file transfer,

0 300 600 900 1200 1500
Applications TCP/IP datagram size (Bytes) Ethernet MTU
Dzmitry Kliazovich
 Round Trip Time (RTT) improvement
60
ARQ proxy OFF
50 Order of
milliseconds
Smooth RTT (msec)
40
30 ARQ proxy ON
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Simulation time (seconds)
Dzmitry Kliazovich
 High error rate tolerance
7
ARQ proxy ON
ARQ proxy OFF
6
5
Throughput (Mb/s)
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Packet Error Rate (PER)
Dzmitry Kliazovich

Distributed Protocol Stacks: Fabrizio Granelli

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19-23 May 2008

Dzmitry Kliazovich and Fabrizio Granelli

University of Trento, Italy

 TCP/IP layering drove the success of Internet in 90s

However, nowadays networks are

26 - 30 November 2007 Fabrizio Granelli (granelli@dit.unitn.it)

 Leads to poor TCP/IP performance, due to

C. Barakat, E. Altman, and W. Dabbous, “On TCP performance in a

26 - 30 November 2007 Fabrizio Granelli (granelli@dit.unitn.it)

26 - 30 November 2007 Fabrizio Granelli (granelli@dit.unitn.it)