436 33 Powerpoint Slides CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1
SURVEYING AND LEVELL

ING 2ND EDITION[OUP/
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
Objectives
Appreciate the importance of surveying
State the objectives of surveying
Explain the basic principles of surveying
Classify surveys according to instruments,
methods, purpose and place
Explain the construction and working of different
types of scales
Explain the purpose, parts and working of
telescopes and spirit levels
List the types of errors encountered in survey work
CHAPTER 1

AGENDA
Objectives of Surveying
Basic Principles
Basic Terminology
Classification of Surveys
General
Plans and Maps
Scales
Telescope
Spirit Level
Errors
CHAPTER 1

OBJECTIVES OF SURVEY
Collect and record data of points on the
surface of the earth
Compute areas and volumes
Prepare plans and maps
Lay out engineering works using survey
data
Check the accuracy of laid out works
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BASIC PRINCIPLES
1. Working from whole to part
CHAPTER 1

BASIC PRINCIPLES
2. Locating points by independent
measurements
Points can be located by rectangular
coordinates
Polar coordinates
By measuring two angles
Angular and linear measurements
CHAPTER 1

BASIC PRINCIPLES
Locating points by independent
measurements
CHAPTER 1

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BASIC DEFINITIONS
Earth as a spheroid
CHAPTER 1

BASIC DEFINITIONS
Latitude and Longitude
CHAPTER 1

BASIC DEFINITIONS
Great circle and spherical Triangle
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BASIC DEFINITIONS
Level line, horizontal line and plumb line
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BASIC DEFINITIONS
Earths Magnetism
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CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYS
Plane Survey - When the survey area is
small, the curvature of the earth is ignored.
Difference between arc and chord is small.
Geodetic Survey High precision survey
where survey area is large and curvature
of earth is taken into account. Many other
correction in measured quantities are done
for higher precision.
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Instrument based Survey
Chain survey
Compass survey
Plane Table Survey
Theodolite Survey
Levelling
Tacheometry
EDM survey
Total Station Survey
Remote sensing, Satellite-based Survey
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Method-based Surveys
Triangulation
Trilateration
Traversing
Levelling
Tacheometry
Trigonometric Levelling
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Purpose-based surveys
Reconnaissance
Preliminary Survey
Engineering Survey
Geographical Survey
Mine Surveys
Route Surveys
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Purpose-based surveys
* Location Surveys
Geological Surveys
Defence Surveys
Archeological Surveys
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Place-based Surveys
Land Survey
Hydrographic Survey
Aerial Survey
Underground Survey
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CONTROLS
Horizontal Control Establishing points with
great precision using highly precise
equipment; Such points are used for
further detailed surveys.
Vertical Control Establishing points of
known elevation, called Bench Marks,
using precise instruments and methods.
The Datum surface is the mean sea level.
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SURVEY INSTRUMENTS
Survey instruments are delicate and sensitive.
Care in using instruments
Follow manufacturers instructions
Keep instrument in the box or cover properly
Protect from sun and rain
Take care of optical parts
Proper use of instruments in field.
Proper, frequent adjustment.
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QUALITIES OF GOOD
SURVEYOR
Sound knowledge of theory
Knowledge of instruments, limits of
precision, possible errors and maintenance
Field practice, proficiency, accuracy and
judgment
Leadership qualities
Good professional conduct
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PLANS AND MAPS

Plans and maps are graphical
representations.
Plans and maps are projections of a
spherical surface on a plane.
Distortions occur during such
representations
In the case of small areas, such distortions
are small and accepted.
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COORDINATE SYSTEMS
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COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Rectangular coordinates
In plane by (x, y) coordinates
In space by (x, y, z) coordinate system.
Polar coordinates
By (r, ) the radial distance from origin and
angle .
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COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Spherical coordinates
by (, ) where is the angle from a
reference plane or meridian and is the
angle from the equatorial plane of the
sphere.
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COORDINATE SYSTEMS
For locating point on the surface of the earth, the
reference meridian is the meridian passing
through Greenwich, England.
Points to the east of this meridian have east
longitude and points towards the west have west
longitude.
Points above equatorial plane have north latitude
and point below have south latitude
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COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Latitude and Longitude
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PROJECTION SYSTEMS
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PROJECTION SYSTEMS
i)
Azimuthal Projection system

The projection is on to a plane which is
tangential to the surface. The plane can
be tangential and horizontal, vertical or
inclined.
ii) The conical projection uses a conical
surface, the axis of which may be
horizontal, vertical or inclined.
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PROJECTION SYSTEMS
Cylindrical Projections
Cylindrical projection uses a cylindrical surface. The axis of
the cylinder may be vertical, horizontal or inclined.
All the projection systems introduce some distortion in the
projection obtained.
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SCALES
Scale representation is
i) as 1 cm = 10 m.
ii) As representative fraction 1/1000
iii) Or as graphical representation
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PLAIN SCALE STANDARDS

Designation
Scale values
Full size, 50 cm to 1 m 1/1, 1/2
40 cm = 1m, 20 cm =
1m
1/2.5, 1/5
10 cm = 1m, 5 cm = 1
m
1/10, 1/20
2 cm = 1 m, 1 cm = 1
m
1/50, 1/100
5 mm = 1m, 2 mm = 1
m
1/200, 1/500
1 mm = 1m, 0.5 mm =
1m
1/1000, 1/2000
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RF values
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DIAGONAL SCALE
Construction of diagonal scale
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DIAGONAL SCALE
Construction of Diagonal scale
Is based on the principle of similar triangles
Can measure three dimensions like units,
tenths and hundredths.
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DIAGONAL SCALE STANDARDS

Designation
Length
RF
150 cm
1/1
100 cm
1/100000, 1/25000
1/25000,
50 cm
1/100000, 1/50000
1/25000,
150 cm
1/100000, 1/8000, 1/4000
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CHORD SCALE
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CHORD SCALE
Setting an Angle
To set an angle of 40:
Measure the 60 length from the scale of chords.
Draw line AB and mark this length to get AB.
With A as centre and AB as radius draw an arc.
Measure the 40 chord length. With B as centre
draw an arc to meet the previous arc at C.
Join AC. Angle BAC is 40 degrees.
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CHORD SCALE
To measure a given angle
Let BAC be the given angle.
Mark AD as chord length for 60 degrees.
With A as centre, draw an arc of radius AD
to cut AC at point E.
Join DE and measure its length.
Place this length along the chord scale and
read the angle.
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VERNIER SCALE
Vernier Scale
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VERNIER SCALE
Vernier is sliding scale
Slides along the main scale
Vernier scale helps to read smaller than the
main scale division
Many survey instruments like theodolite
have circular vernier scale.
Vernier works on the ability of the eye to
read coincidence of lines on two scales.
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VERNIER SCALE
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VERNIER SCALE
Direct Reading Vernier
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VERNIER SCALE
Main scale and vernier scale
(n 1) main scale divisions are taken and
divided into n divisions in the vernier.
Least count of vernier = Value of one main
scale division - value of one vernier scale
division.
Least count = value of main scale division/
number of divisions on vernier scale
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VERNIER SCALE
Theodolite has circular vernier
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MICROMETER
Micrometer microscope is used for finer
readings
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TELESCOPE
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TELESCOPE
Optical diagram of Surveyors telescope
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TELESCOPE
Main Parts
1. Objective lens is a concave lens but
generally a compound lens.
2. Eye piece is also a composite lens
3. Diaphragm is a circular glass with
cross hairs etched.
4. Focusing knob is for focusing and to
bring the image on the diaphragm.
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OBJECTIVE LENS
Objective lens is a
convex lens for
converging the rays
coming from outside.
Both objective and eye
pieces are not single
lenses but a set of
lenses placed
together to enhance
the quality of image.
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EXTERNAL FOCUSING
TELESCOPE
AN OLDER VERSION NOT MUCH USED.
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EXTERNAL FOCUSING
TELESCOPE
1. The focusing is by the outer tube sliding
over the inner tube.
2. The telescope is longer in length.
3. More wear and tear due to sliding tubes.
4. The outer tube holds the eye piece and
the inner tube holds the objective lens.
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INTERNAL FOCUSING
TELESCOPE
Is commonly used in survey instruments
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INTERNAL FOCUSING
TELESCOPE
1. Internal focusing telescope uses a
double concave lens for focusing
2. The telescope is compact and shorter in
length.
3. Slight reduction in brightness due to
additional lens.
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EYE PIECE
Eye piece is a
Ramsden
compound lens and of
many types
Ramsdens eyepiece
is commonly used.
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EYE PIECE
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EYE PIECE
Ramsdens, Huygens, Erecting Eye pieces
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DIAPHRAGM
Diaphragm is a glass piece with cross hairs
etched on it.
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CROSS HAIRS
Cross hairs may be of many patterns
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QUALITIES OF TELESCOPE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
No spherical aberration
Achromatism
Definition
Brightness
Size of field
Magnification
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QUALITIES OF TELESCOPE
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SPIRIT LEVEL
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SPIRIT LEVEL
Spirit level is used in many instruments to
keep the instrument level.
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SPIRIT LEVEL
Spirit level consists of a
metal tube with a glass
window.
The glass tube has
markings from the centre
on both sides.
Adjusting screws are
provided on one end.
The tube has a curved
surface of large radius
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SENSITIVITY
Sensitivity of the level or vial is the angular value
of one division.
Sensitivity = l/R or s/Dn radians
= 206265s/Dn seconds
Where l is the length of one division
R is the radius of the bubble tube arc
s is the difference in reading on staff
D is the distance between level and staff
n is the number of divisions
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SPIRIT LEVEL
1. When the bubble is in centre, the bubble axis
gives a horizontal line
2. The longitudinal surface of tube is an arc of a
circle. The bubble axis is tangent to the curve at
its centre.
3. Sensitivity of the bubble is the ability to show
small angular variations.
4. The tube is marked on either side of the bubble in
2 mm divisions.
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ERRORS
Errors can be due to
i) Instrumental faults Instrument not in
adjustment, wear and tear, faulty manufacture
etc
ii) Manipulative errors human error of reading,
recording, wrong manipulation of controls
iii) Natural causes refraction, windy conditions,
temperature, magnetic substances etc
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ELIMINATION OF ERRORS
Instrumental errors
Frequently check the instrument by
permanent adjustment method
Keep the instrument maintained and
calibrated by a trained technician
Handle the instrument carefully
Protect it from sun, rain, dust and moisture
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Manipulative errors
Operator should study the operations manual of
the instrument carefully before handling it
The technology has improved so that much less
reliance on human expertise in handling is
required.
Sighting, reading and recording errors should be
avoided; modern instruments eliminate most of
these errors.
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Errors due to natural causes
Important measurements are taken at the
same time on different days
Corrections to be applied for the quantities
Use appropriate methods and precautions to
avoid such errors
Manufacturers instruction for minimizing
errors to be followed
CHAPTER 1

END
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CHAPTER 1

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

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SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

PLANS AND MAPS

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

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SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

Azimuthal Projection system

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

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PLAIN SCALE STANDARDS

Full size, 50 cm to 1 m 1/1, 1/2

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

DIAGONAL SCALE STANDARDS

1/100000, 1/8000, 1/4000

SURVEYING AND LEVELL

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SURVEYING AND LEVELL

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SURVEYING AND LEVELL

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SURVEYING AND LEVELL

SURVEYING AND LEVELL