Aero II

Lecture 33 Propellers II
J. E. Brandenburg
EAS 3101
Spring 2007

Agenda

Stall Speed Example

Simple Propeller Example
Propeller design
Homework #5

Stall Speed
1
L V2 AC L
2
2L
V
AC L

2W
AC L

Weight W L

Stall Speed
CL-Max

CL

L=0

Stall Speed
Weight W L

V
Vstall

2W
AC L
2W
AC L Max

Stall Speed Example

A wing design has a maximum CL =2.3 at
=20o with full flaps extended and a wing
area of 8 meters squared.
The aircraft has a full loaded weight of
1000Kg
What is its stall speed at Orlando airport?
( sea level air=1.2 kg/m3)

Stall Speed
Vstall

2W
AC L Max

2 x1000kgx9.8m / sec 2

3
2
1
.
2
kg
/
m
x
8
m
x
2
.
3

18.6 x103 kg m / sec 2

1
2
.
76
x
10
kg
/
m

26m / sec 60mph

1/ 2

1/ 2

6.74 x10 2 kg m 2 / sec 2

1/ 2

Stall Speed Example

Suppose previous aircraft has added 400kg
of cargo and is now a mass of 1400Kg
Suppose it now is landing at Albuquerque at
1600 meters altitude What is its new stall
speed?
( sea level air=1.2 kg/m3)

Stall Speed
air 1.2kg / m3 exp(1.6km / 9km) 1.2 x.837 1.0kg / m 3
Vstall

2 x1400kgx9.8m / sec
2W

AC L Max 1.okg / m 3 x8m 2 x 2.3

2.74 x10 4 kg m / sec 2

1
1
.
84
x
10
kg
/
m

38m / sec 90mph

1/ 2

1/ 2

1.489 x103 kg m 2 / sec 2

1/ 2

Propellers

Cessna Skyhawk-a highly optimized low speed

aircraft

Propeller sections

Blade pitch
angle

Propeller Theory
pitch angle
angle of attack

T L cos D sin

Propeller Theory
PA P

P Power from Engine

efficiency
PA Power Available
TA Thrust Available
PA TAV

TA

PA
V

Propeller Calculation
We can model a propeller as having an average pitch angle of =30o and
profile of NACA 2415 and total area of 0.4m2
If we have the propeller turning at n=40rps and it has a diameter of
2meters its average rotational velocity is
Vrot=D/4 x 2 x n=126m/sec

At 150mph ( 66m/sec) we have angle

=tan-1(66/126)=27o
The average angle of attack on the propeller blade is thus
oo o
The total average velocity seen by the propeller is
V=(Vrot2 +V2)1/2 = (15876+4356)1/2=142m/sec

CL=0.6,CD=.010

Propeller Calculation
27 o
1
TA L cos D sin V 2 A(.6(.89) .01(.45)) .
2
TA 0.5(1.2kg / m 3 (1 42m / sec) 2 0.4m 2 (.534)
TA 0.5(1.2kg / m 3 (142m / sec) 2 (.21)m 2
TA 2.2 x10 4 N (.21) 4.7 x103 N
4.7kN 0.5tons

Propeller Calculation
PA VTA 66m / sec x 4.7 x103 N 3.1x105W
PA 3.1x10 2 kW
1hp .75kW
PA 413hp
PA
engine power 500hp
83%
P

Propeller at Takeoff
For takeoff the propeller is not so efficient
Assume same rotational velocity with no
change in pitch

Propeller Calculation
We can model a propeller as having an average pitch angle of =30o
and profile of NACA 2415 and total area of 0.4m2
If we have the propeller turning at n=80rps for takeoff (full thottle)
and it has a diameter of 2meters its average rotational velocity is
Vrot=D/4 x 2 x n=251m/sec

At 33mph ( 4.4m/sec) we have angle

=tan-1(14.5/251)=.06o
The average angle of attack on the propeller blade is thus
oo o
The total average velocity seen by the propeller is
V=(Vrot2 +V2)1/2 = (63001+210)1/2=251m/sec

CL1.2,CD.012

Propeller Calculation
0o
1
TA L cos D sin V 2 A(1.2(1.0) 0.0) .
2
TA 0.5(1.2kg / m 3 (251m / sec) 2 0.4m 2 (1.2)
TA 0.5(1.2kg / m 3 (6.3x10 4 m 2 / sec 2 )0.4m 2 (1.2)
TA 0.6(6.3 x10 4 m 2 / sec 2 )0.48 N
18kN 1.8tons

Propeller Calculation
PA VTA 14.5m / sec x1.8 x10 4 N 2.6 x105W
PA 2.6 x10 2 kW
1hp .75kW
PA 348hp
348hp PA

70%
500hp P

Propeller Theory
2n angular frequency of rotation
D 2Vtip 2 propeller tip speed
J Advance ratio

V
J
nD

 2n angular frequency of rotation

D 2Vtip 2 propeller tip speed
J Advance ratio

V
J
nD

66m / sec
.82
40 / sec 2m
14.5m / sec
takeoff : J
.09
80 / sec 2m
cruise : J

Propeller Theory
1

Wing Spoiler

Ducted fan

A propeller shroud increases efficiency by

eliminating vortex shedding from propeller tips

Ducted fan

Ducted fan

Turbofan engine

Ducted fans

propfans

Homework #5
1(30 pts) For the aircraft described earlier what is
the stall speed for an overloaded plane of 1600kg
mass A. at Orlando B. on the Siachin Glacier
( 4km altitude)
2. (30 pts) For the propeller described earlier A.
what is the thrust for n=60rps and V=268mph B.
what is the efficiency ? C. sketch the curve of
propeller efficiency using the previous two points.