In hydrogen all orbitals in the same shell have the same energy:

s p
d

1
but once some orbitals contain electrons the energies of other
orbitals are affected due to repulsion
so the p and d orbitals have higher energy than the s orbitals of the same shell:

s p

d
3

You need to copy this diagram

1
Hydrogen

1s1
Helium

1s2
Lithium

1s2 2s1
Beryllium

1s2 2s2
Boron

1s2 2s2 2p1

Carbon

1s2 2s2 2p2

Nitrogen

1s2 2s2 2p3

Oxygen

1s2 2s2 2p4

 Try to write down the electronic configurations of :

Neon (z = 10) 1s2 2s2 2p6

Sodium (z = 11) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Silicon (z = 14) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 2

Potassium (z = 19) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 6 4s 1

 You may have expected the final electron in potassium to be in the
3d sub-shell
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d
2 2 6 2 6 1

but potassium is so similar to sodium that the electronic structure

should also be similar with a outer s electron

Na 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 1

K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 6 4s 1

The explanation is that the increase in energy of the 3d sub-shell
puts it higher than the 4s.
 4f

d
4

2
p NB 3d sub-shell higher than the 4s.
s
1
 Potassium

4 d

2
p
s 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

1 2 8 8 1
This accounts for the odd series of lengths of periods in the
Periodic Table : 2, 8, 8, 18
when the maximum number of electrons per shell is
2, 8, 18, 36

Bromine for example is the 17th element across the PT

but has only 7 outer electrons.
 Bromine

4 d

2
p
s 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5

1 2 8 18 7