CI 4.

Energy changes in solutions

 Why do some ionic substances dissolve in
water, whilst others are insoluble?

If there is enough energy to separate the

ions in the lattice, the substance will be
soluble

Ions in solid
lattice Ions in solution
 Lattice enthalpy, HLE
The enthalpy change when 1 mole of solid
is formed from the separate ions

-HLE is a positive
This is always an exothermic process
value

HLE is always negative

The energy to break up a lattice = - HLE

Which will give more negative HLE?

Small ionic charge 

Large ionic charge 

Small ionic radius 

Large ionic radius 

Where does the energy come from
to break up the lattice?
Hydration

3+ 3-
 Enthalpy of hydration,Hhyd
Hhyd is the enthalpy change when a
solution of ions is made from 1 mole of
gaseous ions
Exothermic –
because bonds
Is hydration are made
exothermic or
endothermic?
 Example of hydration
Na+ (g) + aq Na+ (aq)

Hhyd = - 406 kJ mol-1

 Different ions
An ionic compound contains cations and
anions

Total Hhyd = Hhyd (cation) + Hhyd (anion)

When NaCl is dissolved:

Total Hhyd = Hhyd (Na+) + Hhyd (Cl-)

Which will give more negative Hhyd?

Small ionic charge 

Large ionic charge 

Small ionic radius 

Large ionic radius 

 Water is not the only solvent

Enthalpy of solvation, Hsolv , is used for

other solvents
 Enthalpy change of solution
This is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a
solute dissolves to form an infinitely dilute
solution
Hsolution = Hhyd (cation) + Hhyd (anion) - HLE

If Hsolution is negative, it is more likely that

the substance will dissolve
 What decides solubility?
Energy is put in to separate the ions in the
lattice [ - HLE]

Energy is released by hydration of the ions

[Hhyd (cation) + Hhyd (anion)]

If more energy is released than used up,

then Hsolution will be negative and the solute
is more likely to dissolve.
 Enthalpy cycle for solution

Ionic lattice + solvent Hsolution solution

- HLE Hhyd (cation)

+ Hhyd (anion)

Gaseous ions + solvent

Hsolution = Hhyd (cation) + Hhyd (anion) - HLE

Enthalpy level diagrams
Make it easier to compare the
sizes of the enthalpy changes
eIs ΔH Gaseous ions

nEndothermic or
solution

t exothermic ? -ΔH LE
ΔHhyd(cat)
h
ΔHhyd(an)
a Solute + solvent

l
ΔH
p
solution

Solution

y
ΔHsolution = -ΔHLE + ΔHhyd(cat) + ΔHhyd(an)
e Gaseous ions

n ΔHhyd(cat)
t -ΔHLE ΔHhyd(an)
h Solution

a ΔHsolution Is ΔHsolution
l Solute + solvent
exothermic or
endothermic?
p
y
ΔHsolution = -ΔHLE + ΔHhyd(cat) + ΔHhyd(an)
 Solubility
The more negative the value for ΔHsolution
the more likely the solute is to dissolve.

If ΔHsolution is very large and positive, the

solute will not dissolve.

If ΔHsolution is small and positive, the solute

may dissolve, if there is sufficient increase
in entropy.
 Over to you!
?
Time to try the
problems.