ROUTERS

BY
ABHIJEET NAYAK
ECE-VIII SEMESTER
INTRODUCTION:
ROUTERS ARE PHYSICAL DEVICES THAT JOIN MULTIPLE
WIRED OR WIRELESS NETWORKS TOGETHER. TECHNICALLY,
A WIRED OR WIRELESS ROUTER IS A LAYER 3 GATEWAY,
MEANING THAT THE WIRED/WIRELESS ROUTER CONNECTS
NETWORKS (AS GATEWAYS DO), AND THAT THE ROUTER
OPERATES AT THE NETWORK LAYER OF THE OSI MODEL.
 A ROUTER IS A NETWORKING DEVICE WHOSE SOFTWARE
AND HARDWARE[COMBINATION] ARE USUALLY TAILORED
TO THE TASKS OF ROUTING AND
FORWARDING INFORMATION. ROUTERS CONNECT TWO OR
MORE LOGICAL SUBNETS, WHICH DO NOT NECESSARILY
MAP ONE-TO-ONE TO THE PHYSICAL INTERFACES OF THE
ROUTER.
A LINKSYS ROUTER:
HISTORY OF ROUTERS:
THE VERY FIRST DEVICE THAT HAD FUNDAMENTALLY
THE SAME FUNCTIONALITY AS A ROUTER DOES TODAY,
I.E. A PACKET SWITCH, WAS THE INTERFACE MESSAGE
PROCESSOR (IMP); IMPS WERE THE DEVICES THAT
MADE UP THE ARPANET, THE FIRST PACKET
SWITCHING NETWORK.
THE FIRST TRUE IP ROUTER WAS DEVELOPED BY
VIRGINIA STRAZISAR AT BBN, AS PART OF THAT DARPA-
INITIATED EFFORT, DURING 1975-1976. BY THE END OF
1976, THREE PDP-11-BASED ROUTERS WERE IN SERVICE
IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE INTERNET.
THE FIRST MULTIPROTOCOL ROUTERS WERE
INDEPENDENTLY CREATED BY STAFF
RESEARCHERS AT MIT AND STANFORD IN 1981;
THE STANFORD ROUTER WAS DONE BYWILLIAM
YEAGER, AND THE MIT ONE BY NOEL CHIAPPA;
BOTH WERE ALSO BASED ON PDP-11S.
INTERFACE MESSAGE PROCESSOR:
FUNCTIONS OF ROUTER:
TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS:
SELECTION OF OPTIMAL PATH FOR PACKET TRANSFER
ROUTING PACKETS TO PROPER INTERFACE

WORKS IN LAN/MAN/WAN ENVIRONMENTS

WORKING BASED UPON LOGICAL ADDRESSING
AND SUBNET MASKING.
CONTROLLING IN AND OUT FLOW OF TRAFFIC
INTERCONNECTS DIFFERENT NETWORK
ETHERNET WITH TOKEN RING
CHANGE PACKET SIZE AND FORMAT TO MATCH
THE REQUIREMENT OF DESTINATION NETWORK
ROUTING:
FOR ROUTING IT
MAINTAIN A ROUTING
TABLE AND SHARE THE
INFORMATION WITH
OTHER ROUTERS.
USES LOGICAL ADDRESS
(IP) AND SUBNET MASKING.
ARCHITECTURE:
INTERNAL COMPONENTS:
HAVE FOLLOWING MAJOR COMPONENTS:
 LINE CARDS: NETWORK INTERFACE CARD(NIC) ,
PROVIDES LAN AND WAN CONNECTIVITY
 CONSOLE: PROVIDES PHYSICAL ADDRESS FOR INITIAL
CONFIGURATION
 PROCESSOR: HANDLES ROUTING PROTOCOLS,
ERROR CONDITIONS.
 ROM: USED FOR PERMANENTLY STORING DATA,
MAINTAIN INSTRUCTION FOR POWER ON CELL
TEST DIAGNOSTICS(POSH)
 NVRAM: NON VOLATILE RAM,STORES THE BACK UP
AND START UP CONFIGURATION FILES
 FLASH: HOLD THE OPERATING SYSTEM IMAGE,
CAN STORE MULTIPLE VERSIONS OF IOS.
 RAM: RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY,VIRTUAL
MEMORY FOR PROGRAMS
 BACKPLANE: SWITCH OR BUS INTERCONNECT
ROUTER PROCESSING:
PACKET ARRIVES AT INBOUND LINE CARD
HEADER PROCESSED BY FORWARDING ENGINE
FORWARDING ENGINE DETERMINES OUTPUT LINE
CARD/DESTINATION
CHECKSUM UPDATED BUT NOT CHECKED
PACKET COPIED TO OUTBOUND LINE CARD
ODD SITUATIONS SENT TO NETWORK PROCESSOR
NETWORK PROCESSOR:
RUNS ROUTING PROTOCOL AND DOWNLOADS
FORWARDING TABLE TO FORWARDING ENGINES
PERFORMS “SLOW” PATH PROCESSING
ICMP ERROR MESSAGES
IP OPTION PROCESSING
FRAGMENTATION
PACKETS DESTINED TO ROUTER
TYPES OF ROUTERS:
BASED UPON BEHAVIOUR:
 FIXED

 MODULAR

BASED UPON PLACES OF USE:

 CORE ROUTER
 EDGE ROUTER

 SUBSCRIBER EDGE ROUTER

 INTER-PROVIDER BORDER ROUTER

 BROUTER

 VIRTUAL ROUTER
APPLICATIONS:
 SMALL OFFICE HOME OFFICE (SOHO) CONNECTIVITY
 ENTERPRISE ROUTERS
 ACCESS ROUTERS
 DISTRIBUTION ROUTERS
 CORE ROUTER
MODES OF ROUTERS:
THERE ARE 4TYPES OF MODE PRESENT:

 USE EXTENDED MODE

 PRIVILAGE EXTENDED MODE
 GLOBAL CONFIGURATION MODE
 SPECIFIC CONFIGURATION MODE
ROUTERS ARE THE BACKBONE OF TODAYS’
INTERNET ORIENTED COMPUTER NETWORK

THANK YOU!