PE 414 (10 credit):

Reservoir Engineering
II
Ms. Salma Maneno
Office: Lab 3
Email: salmamaneno@gmail.com
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Purpose of the Course

To impart further knowledge on
various aspects of petroleum and gas
reservoirs

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Course Content
Lecture 1: Reservoir testing and Performance analysis ( Mr. Fakih)
Lecture 2: Relative Permeability correlations
Lecture 3: Well performance (Mr. Fakih)
Lecture 4: Mathematical basis of bottom hole analysis
Lecture 5: Pressure drawdown and build up analysis
Lecture 6: Gas Reservoir
Lecture 7: Calculation for Depletion Drive Reservoirs ( Mr. Fakih)
Lecture 8:

Immiscible Processes /Empirical prediction techniques

Lecture 9: Method for Extrapolation of cut vs. recovery curves (Mr.

Fakih)
Lecture 10: Performance of water drive reservoirs (Mr. Fakih)
Lecture 11: Water and gas fingering
Lecture 12: Water/ gas coning in homogeneous reservoir
Lecture 13: Water/gas coning in fractured reservoir

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Learning Objectives
Knowledge
on
reservoir
testing
and
performance
Apply a critical-thinking and problem-solving
approach on engineering aspects of different
reservoirs.
Knowledge on coning of water and gas.

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Course Assessment
a) There will be 4 quizzes and 2 assignment
b) Project , assignment and quizzes will
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

contribute 25% of CA;

Two (2) tests, the First midway through the
semester (between week 6 and 8);
The Second Test towards week 12;
Tests will contribute 75% of CA;
There will be a UE at the end
CA will contribute 40% to Final Grade; and
UE will contribute 60% of Final Grade.
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Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, L.P
2.
3.

4.
5.

Dake
Reservoir Engineering Handbook, by Tarek
Ahmed
Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering,B.C.Craft, M. Hawkins and Ronald
E. Terry, Prentice Hall PTR;2edition, 1991
Applied Resrvoir Engineering Vol. I
&II,C.R.Simth G.W.Tracy.
The practice of Reservoir Engineering (Revised
Edition Edition), Volume 36 (Developments in
Petroleum Science) by L.P.Dake, Elsevier
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Gas Reservoir

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Gas Reservoir
Reservoirs containing only free gas are termed
gas reservoirs. The reservoir contains a mixture
of hydrocarbons, which exists wholly in the
gaseous state.
The mixture may be a dry, wet, or
condensate
gas,
depending
on
the
composition of the gas, along with the pressure
and temperature at which the accumulation
exists.

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Gas Reservoir
Gas reservoir can be further classified as
Volumetric gas reservoir
Water - drive reservoir

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Estimation of Initial Gas in Place

Main methods for estimation of initial gas
in place G, gas reserves and gas recovery
for volumetric and water drive reservoir
are:
Volumetric method
Material balance approach

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Volumetric Method
The equation for calculating initial gas in
place is as shown below:

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Volumetric Method
Recoverable gas can be estimated as:
Gas produced = initial gas - remaining

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Example 1

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Recovery Factor
The recovery factor for volumetric gas
reservoirs range from 80% to 90%
If a strong water drive is present, trapping of
residual gas at higher pressure reduce the
recovery factor to the range of 50 to 80%.

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Material Balance Method

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Material Balance
Method
This method is accomplished by forming
mass or moles balance in gas:

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MBE Volumetric
Reservoir
For volumetric gas reservoir assuming no water
production; the equation will be reduced to:

The equation is normally expressed in terms of

two forms :
In term of p/z
In term of

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In term of p/z

The expression in term of p/z is as shown below:

Or,

When the plot of (p/z) versus gas produced

deviates from linear relationship, it indicates
the presence of water encroachment.
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Effect of water drive on p/z and gas

produced relationship

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Methods of Detecting Natural water

influx
Many other graphical methods have been
proposed for solving the gas MBE that are
useful in detecting the presence of water influx.
One such graphical technique is called the
energy plot, the equation is as expressed
below:

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Energy Plot

A
vs on log-log coordinates
plot of
will yield a straight line with a slope of one (45
angle)
An extrapolation to one on the vertical axis
(p=0) yields a value of initial gas in place, G.
If We is not zero, the slope of the plot will be
less than one and will decrease with time.
An increasing slope can only occur as a result of
either gas leaking from the reservoir or bad
data since the increasing slope would imply the
gas- occupied pore volume was increasing with
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time.

Energy Plot

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In terms of Bg
Material balance for a volumetric reservoir can
be computed by the following equation:

If successive calculations at various times

during the history give consistent values of
initial gas in place, then the reservoir is
operating under volumetric control and
computed G is reliable.
If value of G increases with time then water
influx is occuring.
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Graphical determination of
gas initially in place G

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Water- Drive Gas

Reservoir
For water drive reservoir, there will be two
unknowns in the material balance equation
which are;
Initial gas in place
Cumulative water influx

The general material balance equation is as

shown below:
The equation can be rearranged into:

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Water- Drive Gas

Reservoir

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Material Balance Equation As A

Straight Line
Havlena and Odeh expressed the material
balance in terms of gas production, fluid
expansion and water influx as:
Underground withdrawal = gas expansion +
water expansion/ pore compaction + water
influx
Or

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Material Balance Equation As A

Straight Line
Havlena and Odeh representation:

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Detection Of Reservoir Driving

Mechanism
A plot of F/Eg vs Gp is very sensitive in
establishing whether the reservoir is being
influenced by natural water influx or not.

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Detection Of Reservoir Driving

Mechanism (Linear infinite system)
For linear infinite system, cumulative water
influx is determined as:

A plot of underground withdrawal, F versus

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results a straight line with G being the intercept and

the water influx constant C being a slope of a straight line

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Detection Of Reservoir Driving

Mechanism (Linear infinite
system)

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Go read about:
Abnormally pressure gas reservoir
Effect of gas production on ultimate recovery

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