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Chapter 13
Chapter 13
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
Magnetism is a form of
energy that is caused by
the motion of electrons in
some materials.
It is recognized by the
attraction it exerts on other
materials.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
Lines of Force
The lines that create a field
of force around a magnet
are believed to be caused
by the way groups of atoms
are aligned in the magnetic
material.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
Lines of Force
The more lines of force that exist, the stronger the
magnet.
The magnetic lines of force, also called magnetic
flux or flux lines, form a magnetic field.
Flux density refers to the number of flux lines per
unit of area.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
Lines of Force
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
Magnetic Induction
If a piece of iron or steel is placed in a magnetic
field, it will also become magnetized.
This process of creating a magnet by using a
magnet field is called magnetic induction.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
Attracting or Repelling
The poles of a magnet are called north (N) and south (S) because, when
a magnet is suspended freely, the poles tend to point toward the North
and South poles of the Earth.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
Permeability
Magnetic flux lines cannot be insulated.
There is no known material through which magnetic
force does not pass, if the force is strong enough.
However, some materials allow the force to pass
through more easily than others.
This degree of passage is called permeability.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETISM
Reluctance
Although there is no absolute insulation for
magnetism, certain materials resist the passage of
magnetic force.
This can be compared to resistance without an
electrical circuit.
Air does not allow easy passage, so air has a high
reluctance.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
The interaction and relationship between
magnetism and electricity is known as
electromagnetism.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Creating an Electromagnet
A magnet can be created by magnetizing a piece of
iron or steel or by using electricity to make an
electromagnet.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Straight Conductor
The magnetic field
surrounding a straight,
current-carrying conductor
consists of several
concentric cylinders of flux
that are the length of the
wire.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Left and Right Hand Rules
Magnetic flux cylinders have direction, just as the flux lines
surrounding a bar magnet have direction.
The left-hand rule is a simple way to determine this
direction.
When you grasp a conductor with your left hand so that your
thumb points in the direction of electron flow (- to +) through
the conductor, your fingers curl around the wire in the
direction of the magnetic flux lines.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Left and Right Hand Rules
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Left and Right Hand Rules
Most automotive circuits
use the conventional theory
of current (+ to -) and,
therefore, the right-hand
rule is used to determine
the direction of the
magnetic flux lines.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Field Interaction
The cylinders of flux surrounding current-carrying
conductors interact with other magnetic fields.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Motor Principle
Electric motors, such as automobile starter motors, use this
field interaction to convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Coil Conductor
If several loops of wire are made into a coil, then the
magnetic flux density is strengthened.
Flux lines around a coil are the same as the flux lines around
a bar magnet.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Coil Conductor
They exit from the north pole and enter at the south pole.
Use the left-hand thread rule to determine the north pole of a
coil.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnet Strength
The magnetic field surrounding a current-carrying
conductor can be strengthened (increased) three
ways.
Place a soft iron core in the center of the coil.
Increase the number of turns of wire in the coil.
Increase the current flow through the coil windings.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnet Strength
The magnetic field strength
is often expressed in the
units called ampere-turns.
Coils with an iron core are
called electromagnets.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Relays
A relay is a control device
which allows a small
amount of current to control
a large amount of current in
another circuit.
A simple relay contains an
electromagnetic coil in
series with a battery and a
switch.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Relays
A contact point, made of a good conductor, is
attached to the free end of the armature.
Another contact point is fixed a small distance away.
The two contact points are wired in series with an
electrical load and the battery.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Relays
When the switch is closed, the following occurs.
Current travels from the battery through the
electromagnet.
The magnetic field created by the current attracts the
armature, pulling it down until the contact points meet.
Closing the contacts allows current in the second circuit
from the battery to the load.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Relays
When the switch is open, the following occurs.
The electromagnet loses its current and its magnetic field.
Spring pressure brings the armature back.
The second circuit is broken by the opening of the contact
points.
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Relays
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Magnetic flux lines create an electromotive force, or
voltage, in a conductor if either the flux lines or the
conductor is moving.
This movement is called relative motion.
This process is called induction, and the resulting
electromotive force is called induced voltage.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Voltage Strength
Voltage is induced when a conductor cuts across magnetic
flux lines.
There are four ways to increase induced voltage.
Increase the strength of the magnetic field, so there are more flux
lines.
Increase the number of conductors that are breaking the flux lines.
Increase the speed of the relative motion between the conductor and
the flux lines so that more lines are broken per time unit.
Increase the angle between the flux lines and the conductor to a
maximum of 90 degrees.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Voltage Strength
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Voltage Strength
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Voltage Strength
An induced current moves so that its magnetic field
opposes the motion which induced the current.
This principle is called Lenzs law.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Self Induction
When current begins to flow in a coil, the flux lines
expand as the magnetic field forms and
strengthens.
As current increases, the flux lines continue to
expand, cutting across the wires of the coil and
actually inducing another voltage within the same
coil.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Mutual Induction
When two coils are close together, energy may be
transferred from one to the other by magnetic
coupling called mutual induction.
Mutual induction means that the expansion or
collapse of the magnetic field around one coil
induces a voltage in the second coil.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Mutual Induction
IGNITION COILS
The heart of any ignition
system is the ignition coil.
The coil creates a highvoltage spark by
electromagnetic induction.
FIGURE 13-20 Internal construction of an oilcooled ignition coil. Notice that the primary
winding is electrically connected to the
secondary winding. The polarity (positive or
negative) of a coil is determined by the
direction in which the coil is wound.
Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,
Electronic, and Computer Systems, Fifth Edition
By James D. Halderman
IGNITION COILS
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
SUPPRESSION
Until the advent of the onboard computer,
electromagnetic interference (EMI) was not a
source of real concern to automotive engineers.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE
SUPPRESSION
There are four ways of transmitting EMI, all of which can be
found in a vehicle.
Conductive coupling is actual physical contact through circuit
conductors.
Capacitive coupling is the transfer of energy from one circuit to
another through an electrostatic field between two conductors.
Inductive coupling is the transfer of energy from one circuit to another
as the magnetic fields between two conductors form and collapse.
Electromagnetic radiation is the transfer of energy by the use of radio
waves from one circuit or component to another.
SUMMARY
1. Most automotive electrical components use
magnetism, the strength of which depends on
both the amount of current (amperes) and the
number of turns of wire of each electromagnet.
2. The strength of electromagnets is increased by
using a soft-iron core.
3. Voltage can be induced from one circuit to
another.
4. Electricity creates magnetism and magnetism
creates electricity.
5. Radio-frequency interference (RFI) is a part of
electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,
Electronic, and Computer Systems, Fifth Edition
By James D. Halderman
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the relationship between electricity and
magnetism?
2. What is the difference between mutual induction
and selfinduction?
3. What is the result if a magnet cracks?
4. How can EMI be reduced or controlled?
CHAPTER QUIZ
1.
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
1.
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Unlike magnetic poles _____ and like magnetic
poles _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Repel; attract
Attract; repel
Repel; repel
Attract; attract
CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Unlike magnetic poles _____ and like magnetic
poles _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Repel; attract
Attract; repel
Repel; repel
Attract; attract
CHAPTER QUIZ
3.
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
3.
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
4. Technician A says that a relay is an
electromagnetic switch. Technician B says that a
solenoid uses a movable core. Which technician is
correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
4. Technician A says that a relay is an
electromagnetic switch. Technician B says that a
solenoid uses a movable core. Which technician is
correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
5.
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
5.
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
6. An ignition coil operates using the principle of
_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Electromagnetic induction
Self-induction
Mutual induction
All of the above
CHAPTER QUIZ
6. An ignition coil operates using the principle of
_____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Electromagnetic induction
Self-induction
Mutual induction
All of the above
CHAPTER QUIZ
7. Electromagnetic interference can be reduced by
using a _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Resistance
Capacitor
Coil
All of the above
CHAPTER QUIZ
7. Electromagnetic interference can be reduced by
using a _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Resistance
Capacitor
Coil
All of the above
CHAPTER QUIZ
8. An ignition coil is an example of a _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solenoid
Step-down transformer
Step-up transformer
Relay
CHAPTER QUIZ
8. An ignition coil is an example of a _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Solenoid
Step-down transformer
Step-up transformer
Relay
CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Magnetic field strength is measured in _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ampere-turns
Flux
Density
Coil strength
CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Magnetic field strength is measured in _____.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Ampere-turns
Flux
Density
Coil strength
CHAPTER QUIZ
10. Two technicians are discussing ignition coils. Technician A
says that some ignition coils have the primary and
secondary windings electrically connected. Technician B
says that some coils have totally separate primary and
secondary windings that are not electrically connected.
Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
10. Two technicians are discussing ignition coils. Technician A
says that some ignition coils have the primary and
secondary windings electrically connected. Technician B
says that some coils have totally separate primary and
secondary windings that are not electrically connected.
Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B
END