STUDY of CONGESTION

MANAGEMENT IN
DEREGULATED
ENVIRONMENT

Features of Transmission System

1.Establishment of NLDC , RLDCs and SLDCs at different levels.
2.Promotion to open access in transmission.
3.Promotion for efficient , economical and integrated supply of electricity by:
- dividing India into regions
- optimal scheduling by NLDC among RLDCs
- ensuring the integrated operation by RLDCs and SLDCs
4.Empowering RLDCs and SLDCs to supervise & control to ensure stability
efficiency & economy of grid operation in the region and state.
5.Formation of national grid.
6.Promotion to inter-state transmission of electricity.

Existing Market Structure

Effects of Deregulation on Generation

1. More efficiency due to optimal scheduling
and dispatch of electricity.
2. More private participation by
- Captive generation.
- Open access.
- Delicensed generation.
3. More accountability for generation
availability

Effects of Deregulation on Transmission

1. Market condition for more competition
2. New opportunities for power trading and
inter-state transmission
3. Complex market structure
4. More efficiency in transmission
5. New transmission pricing models
6. More private investments in transmission
7. Need of National Grid

Available Transfer Capacity And

Congestion Management

Available Transfer Capacity

Calculation
Available transmission capacity (ATC) is
the amount of electric transfer capability
remaining in a power transmission network
that is available for sale above already
committed uses.
ATC = TTC TRM CBM TC
TTC = Total Transfer Capacity
TRM = Transmission Reliability Margin
CBM = Capacity Benefit Margin
TC = Transmission Commitments

Congestion Management
Congestion results when power flows in the
transmission line are diverted from its operating
reliability limits. In other words, congestion occurs
due to the operating constraints of the transmission
lines.
There are three constraints1) Voltage constraints
2)Thermal constraints
3)Stability constraints

Functions of ISO in Congestion

Management
1) Force changes in generation schedules, ordering some
generating units to increase their generation and others to
reduce output, until the congestion is eliminated.
2) Compensate the units who were asked to generate more,
effectively paying them for their additional power
production, and the units who were ordered to cut back,
granting them lost opportunities payments.
3) Sends the bill for compensation payments to the users
who caused the congestion in the first place, raising
transmission prices during the congestion, by collecting
congestion fees to compensate affected generating units.

Congestion Management by
means of Ancillary Services

Ancillary Services
Ancillary services are defined as all those
activities on the interconnected grid, that are
necessary to support the transmission of power
while maintaining reliable operation and ensuring
the required degree of quality and safety.
Ancillary services include:
1) Voltage / Reactive Power control
2) Scheduling and dispatch control
3) Frequency control
4) System stability control
5) Operating reserve service
6) Black start capabilities

Congestion Management by Reactive

Power Control
Reactive Power is required to maintain voltage
balance on the Transmission System. It is
necessary for System Operator to control
Transmission System voltages to avoid
damage to the Transmission System and to
Generation plant.

Reactive Power Support Choices

Shunt capacitors and switched shunt capacitors

Synchronous condensers
Synchronous generators
Static VAR compensators
Distributed generation

Characteristics of Reactive Power Support

Equipments

International Experience in Reactive

Power Management