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Physical
Properties of
Dental
Materials

These are properties which are not related to force

.application
:These are

:Mass-related properties- 1
Density

:Thermal properties- 2
Thermal conductivityCoefficient of thermal expansion and contractionHeat of fusion & latent heat of fusion- Melting and freezing temperature
- Specific heat

:Less specific properties- 3

.Water sorption .Fluidity, viscosity and plasticity-

Optical properties- 4

Mass- Related Properties:

Density

.It is the mass per unit volume of the material

Units are gm/cm3 or pound/in2

Clinical importance in
:Dentistry
.Retention of the upper denture -1
.Weight of complete or partial denture -2
.During casting -3

Thermal Properties:
:1- Thermal Conductivity

It is the amount of heat in calories or joules passing per

second through a body 1cm thick, 1cm2 cross sectional area
when the temperature difference is 1C

Clinical importance in
:Dentistry
.Metallic filling materials -1

Metallic denture base -2

.materials

Thermal Coefficient of expansion( )- 2

The change in length per unit length of the material
for a 1C change in temperature is called the
linear coefficient of thermal expansion()

=
L final- L original
L original x (C final- C original)

Clinical importance in
:Dentistry
Close matching of the coefficient of thermal

:expansion () is important between

The tooth and the restorative materials to prevent-1
.marginal leakage
Opening and closing of gap results in
breakage of marginal seal between
, the filling and the cavity wall
this breakage of seal
:leads to (marginal percolation)
i. Marginal leakage
.iii. Recurrent caries

ii. Discoloration
iv. Hypersensitivity

Porcelain and metal in ceramometallic-2

restorations (crowns and bridges) to provide
.metal ceramic bonding

. Artificial tooth and denture base to avoid crazing-3

Heat of fusion- 3
Heat of fusion (L) is the amount of heat in calories or
joules required to convert l gm of a material from the
.solid to the liquid state at the melting temperature
:It is calculated as follows
.Q
Where L: is the heat of fusion
.L = ---------------Q: is the total heat absorbed
m
m: mass of the substance melted

As long as the mass is molten, the heat of fusion is retained by the

liquid. When the liquid is frozen or solidified, this heat is
".liberated. It is called "Latent heat of fusion

Latent heat of fusion

It is the amount of heat in calories or joules
liberated when 1 gm of a material is converted
.from liquid to solid state

:Importance in dentistry
During casting, the metal must be heated 100 C
more than its melting temperature for proper
melting

Heat of fusion

Latent heat of fus

Dental significance
During casting metal must be
heated 100C above its melting
temperature
L
Tm

L+S
S

Time

Melting and freezing temperature-4

Dental Importance:

Tm

For the fabrication of indirect metallic

restorations (casting), the melting
temperature of metals and alloys is
important in determining the melting machine
used for casting

Time

5-Specific heat
It is the quantity of heat needed to raise
the temperature of one gram of the
substance 1C
Therefore
Metals have low specific heat,
while non metals have high specific heat

Importance in dentistry:
-

Because of the low specific heat of dental gold alloys, prolonged heating is
unnecessary, during casting

Less specific properties

1- Water Sorption:
It represents the amount of water adsorbed on the
surface and absorbed into the body of the
material.

Importance:
1- Acrylic resin denture base materials have the
tendency for water sorption.
2- Hydrocolloid impression materials will imbibe
water if immersed in it leading to dimensional
changes.

Fluidity, viscosity and-2

:plasticity
Fluidity is the tendency of liquids to flow.
Viscosity is the resistance to flow.
Plasticity is a property related to solids or
semisolids and indicates that the material is
easily and permanently deformed under
force.

Optical Properties
The perception of the Color of an object is
the result of a physiological response to a
physical stimulus (light).

Light is an electromagnetic radiation that

can be detected by the human eye. It can be
seen that the visible electromagnetic
radiation is in the range from 400-700
nanometers.

Properties of materials in relation to light

transmission and absorption
Transparency
is a property of a material, that allows the passage of light in such a manner that little distortion takes
place so that objects can be clearly seen through them

e.g. glass, pure acrylic resin.

Translucency
is a property of the material, which allows the passage of some light and scatters or reflects
the rest . In such manner, the object cannot be clearly seen through them
.Translucency decreases with increasing the scattering centers
.e.g. tooth enamel, porcelain, composite and pigmented acrylic resin

Opacity is a property of the material that

prevents the passage of light. Opaque
material absorbs all of the light. Objects
cannot be seen through them.
-Black color materials absorb all light colors.
-White color materials reflect all light colors.
-Blue color materials absorb all light colors
but reflect its color.

Interaction of light and matter

When a beam of light encounters or falls on a
surface of a medium, the following may
occur :

1- Reflection:
A- Smooth surface: Reflections on a smooth
surface give a glossy appearance to the
surface Specular Reflection
Smooth surface: angle of incidence = angle
of reflection
The restoration should have a highly smooth
and polished surface to simulate the tooth
structure and match it.
B- Rough surface: Reflections of light on a rough surface are
diffused (i.e: in all directions). Diffuse Reflection
The surface appears to have little gloss (i.e dull)

2- Refraction:
It is the change of the direction of a beam of light on entering
second medium.
Refraction results from the difference in refractive indices of the
two media.

For perfect matching the refractive index of the restoration

should be **equal to the refractive index of the tooth.

transparent solid
while ** large differences result in opaque materials.
Example: Control of refractive index of the filler and
matrix phases in composite resins and porcelain.

:Scattering-3
If light rays passing through a medium are obstructed by any different
inclusions it will be redirected in another direction and is attenuated.
i.e The original beam is weakened

by scattering in a
direction away from the observer eye
OPACITY TRANSLUCENCY.
Importance in dentistry:
1- Opacifiers & pigments added to composite resins act as scattering centers that
give rise to opaque shades of the material.
2- Incorporated air bubbles
in a restoration act as
scattering centers.

:Transmission. 4

Light passing through an optical medium

without attenuation
. completely transmitted
Total transmission occurs in perfectly
. transparent materials
If part of the light is transmitted and part is
reflected
the material appears), i.e. diffuse transmission(
Complete
Transparent
.translucentTransmission
Incomplete Transmission
No Transmission (absorption)

Translucent
Opaque

COLOR
Color parameters:
A- Hue: It is the dominant wave length. It represents
the color of the material,
i.e yellow, green, red and blue.

B- Chroma: It represents the strength of the color or

degree of saturation of the color (color intensity).
A beaker of water containing one drop of colorant is lower in
chroma than a beaker of water containing ten drops of the
same colorant.

C- Value:
It represents the lightness or darkness of color
(the amount of grayness).

A black standard is assigned a value of O,

whereas a white standard is assigned 10.
***A tooth of low value appears
gray and nonvital = DEAD,
therefore, it is the most important parameter.
Because it is intimately related to the
aspect of vitality in human teeth.

Factors affecting color

appearance and selection
Shade guide is used for color
matching. So, it is important to
match colors under appropriate
conditions.

1- Source:
Different sources have different color
content. i.e Incandesnt light has a color
content different from that of fluorescent
light.

Metamerism: It is the change of color

matching of two objects under different

light sources.
Metameric pairs: Two objects that are
matched in color under one light source
but are not matched under other light
sources form metameric pair.

Isomeric pair: They are color matched

under all light sources.
Thus, if possible, color matching should be done
under two or more different light sources.

2- Surrounding:
Colors of wall, lips or clothes of the patient
modify the type of light reaching the object.

3- Object:
A- Translucency:
It controls lightness or darkness of color.
High translucency gives a lighter color
appearance (higher value) i.e more vital tooth
appearance

B- Surface texture (surface finish):

This determines the relative amount of light
reflected from the surface, smooth surface
appears brighter than rough surface.

C- Presence of scattering centers as

inclusions or voids:
This increase opacity and lower the value
(more dark)

D- Fluorescene:
It makes the teeth bright and vital, as it
increases the brightness.

E- Thickness:
The thickness of a restoration can affect its
appearance.
Increase in thickness, increase opacity, and
lower the value.

F- Metamerism

4- Observer:
A- Color response:
Eye responds differently among individuals.

B- Color Vision:
Some individuals may have color blindness
and inability to distinguish certain colors.

C- Color Fatigue:
Constant stimulus of one color decreases the
response to that color.

Laser
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
The principle of laser production is simply that an element
or compound (medium) can be excited by high energy to
produce a special type of light called laser

Characteristics of laser
:a- Monochromatic
:beam

all photons have the same wave

. length
: b- Coherent
all waves are bin phase (have the
.same speed )
:c- Collimated

Clinical applications of
laser
a- Surgery for removal of soft
tissues.
b- Removal of initial carious
lesions.
c- Curing of composite resin.

COLORs
Primary colors:
Blue, green and red are primary colors.
Combining suitable proportions of wave lengths of the three
primary colors results in white.

Secondary colors: Each secondary color

(cyan ,magenta & yellow) results from the combination of
two primary colors, e.g . green and red gives yellow,
blue and red gives magenta, blue and green gives cyan.

Complementary colors : Two colors are complementary to

each other when their combination results in white e.g . yellow is

the complementary color of blue .