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Mutation
Mutation
TYPES OF
MUTATION
GERM MUTATION
can be passed to offspring
SOMATIC MUTATIONS
are not passed to offspring
EFFECTS OF
MUTATION
Harmful mutations
cause genetic
disorder.
Beneficial mutations
may be useful in a
Point Mutations
Gene mutations
involving one or few
nucleotides.
Occur at single point in
CHROMOSOMI
AL MUTATION
A CHROMOSOME MUTATION
is
a change in the structure or
arrangement of the chromosomes.
a change in the location of a gene on a
chromosome.
a change in the number of copies of
gene.
Chromosomal mutations
may be classified into
the following types:
euploidy, aneuploidy,
and structural changes.
Euploidy
it involves changes
in the number of
whole sets of
chromosomes.
Monoploidy (X)
Monoploids have a set of
chromosomes. Meiosis is very abnormal.
Synapsis is absent because of the
absence of homologous pair, hence no
bivalents are formed. Only univalent (I)
are formed, which may lag behind
during Anaphase I. Sister chromatids
may segregate at Meiosis I.
Monoploids
are
almost
completely sterile since the
gametes produced do not
usually contain a complete
genome. By chance, haploid
gametes may be formed and if
fertilization occurs, a diploid
condition is restored.
Polyploidy
Polyploids
have
more
than
two
complete sets of chromosomes. However,
in some polyploids, the genomes are
identical, hence the term autopolypoids.
In others, there are multiple copies of
different genomes; these polyploids are
called allopolyploids. To differentiate
autopolypoids from allopolyploids, it is
necessary to represent genomes using
capital letters.
Aneupliody
consist of mutations
that
involve changes in the number of
chromosomes in a genome. This
can be due to either an addition
or loss of one or more whole
chromosomes.
Structural
Changes/Aberrations
Involving Parts of One or
More Chromosomes
At times, mutations may involve
Structural
chromosomal
mutations may be considered
homozygous if both members
of a homologous pair have the
same
structural
changes.
Otherwise, the mutation is
considered heterozygous.