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Force Torque Shaftpower Vibration
Force Torque Shaftpower Vibration
Force Torque Shaftpower Vibration
Vibration Measurement
Introduction
A force is any influence that causes an object to
Proving Ring
The proving ring is a device used to measure force. It
Load Cells
Load cells are elastic devices that can be used for
have the same resistance. As the terminals N and P are at the same potential,
the wheat stone bridge is balanced and hence the output voltage will be zero.
Case 2
Now the load (force) to be measured (say compression force) is applied on
the steel cylinder. Due to this, the vertical gauges R1 and R4 will under go
compression and hence there will be a decrease in resistance.
At the same time, the horizontal gauges R2 and R3 will under go tension and
there will be an increase in resistance. Thus when strained, the resistance of
the various gauges change.
Now the terminal N and P will be at different potential and the change in
output voltage due to the applied load (force) becomes a measure of the
applied load force when calibrated.
Force Calculation
Where:
A is the cross-sectional area
E is the modulus of elasticity
P
ea =
AE
Sg P
D R1 D R3
=
=Sg ea =
R1
R3
AE
vSg P
D R2 D R4
=
=Sg et =
R2
R4
AE
Vo =
vP
& et =AE
Sg P (1 + v )Vs
2 AE
VO
VS
Torque:
Forces that cause extended objects
to rotate are associated
with torques. Mathematically, the
torque on a particle is defined as
the cross-product:
Where
r
r is the particle's position
vector relative to a pivot.
r
F
methods:
Gravity Balance Method
Mechanical Torsion Meter
Optical Torsion Meter
Electrical Torsion Meter
Strain gauge Torsion Meter
between castings M and N, and due to this, the mirrors will change
position ( partial inclination between the two mirrors) since they
are attached to the castings.
As the mirrors are constantly made to reflect a light beam on the
torque calibrated scale, due to the changed position of the mirrors,
there will be an angular deflection of the light rays which is
measured from the calibrated scale.
This angular deflection of the light rays is proportional to the twist
on the shaft (relative movement of casting M and N) and hence the
torque of the shaft.
Applications of optical torsion meter
A shaft connected
between a driving engine
and a driven load.
Two slotted discs
attached on either side of
the shaft.
Transducer (magnetic or
photo electric ) to count
pulses from the slotted
disc.
discs perfectly align with each other and hence the voltage pulses
produced in the transducers will have zero time difference.
But when torque is applied on the shaft, there is a relative
displacement of the slotted discs due to twist experienced by the
shaft and hence the teeth of both the discs will not align with
each other and hence the voltage pulses produced in the
transducer will have a time difference (that is , time lapse).
This time lapse between the pulses of the two discs is
proportional to the twist of the shaft and hence the torque of the
shaft.
A measure of this time lapse becomes of torque when calibrated.
Four bonded wire strain gauges are mounted on a45 0 helix with the
axis of rotation; and are placed in pairs diametrically opposite.
When the gauges are accurately placed and have matched
characteristics, the system is temperature compensated and insensitive
to bending and thrust or pull effects.
Any change in the gauge circuit then results only from torsional
deflection.
Working:
When the shaft is under torsion, gauges 1 and 4 will elongate as a result of
the tensile component of a pure shear stress on one diagonal axis, while 2
and 3 will contract due to compressive component on the diagonal axis.
These tensile and compressive principal strains can be measured and hence
shaft torque calculated.
axial loads.
The main limitation associated is the connection of
the bridge to its power source and display
arrangement.
Good results from the strain gauge method are
available only when the shaft experiences sufficient
strain to produce a measurable output signal.
Transmission
When the brake is to be operated the long end of lever is loaded with
weights and nuts are tightened until the engine shaft runs at constant
speed and the lever is in horizontal position.
Under this condition the moment due to weight W must balance the
moment of frictional resistance between the blocks and pulley.
When the driving torque is not uniform the dynamometer is subjected to
severe oscillations.
Let W=Deadloadinnewtons,
S=Springbalancereadinginnewtons,
D=Diameterofthewheelinmetres,
d=diameterofropeinmetres,and
N=Speedoftheengineshaftinr.p.m.
Net load on the brake = (WS)N
We know that distance moved in one revolution = (D+d)m
Work done per revolution = (WS)(D+d)N-m
and work done per minute = (WS)(D+d)NN-m
Brake power of the engine,
While the brake is operating the water follows a helical path in the
chamber, consequently the vortices and eddy currents are setup in
water and these tend to turn the dynamometer casing in the direction
of rotation of shaft. This tendency is opposed by the brake arm and
balance system due to which torque is measured.
The control of the braking action is carried out by varying either the
quantity of water or its pressure or the distance between the rotating
disc and the stationary casing.
Advantages:
In addition to braking action, the constant supply of
water is provides cooling effect.
High absorption capacity at low cost and in a small space.
By providing a dash pot damper system it is possible to
have protection from hunting effects.
magnetic flux, voltage is induced and local currents called eddy currents flow
in a short circular path within the conductor. These eddy current gets
dissipated in the form of heat.
It consists of a toothed steel rotor mounted on the shaft of test engine, it
rotates inside a smooth bared cast iron stator; the clearance between the
stator and motor being very small. The stator carries an exciting coil which is
energized by DC supply from an external source.
The stator is cradled on antifriction bearings and is provided with a brake arm
to which is attached a spring balance or a scale pan.
When the dynamo is operated the rotor turns and changes a constant change
in flux density an all stator points. Consequently eddy currents are induced
which oppose the rotation of rotor.
The moment of resistance is measured by the brake arm and then torque and
shaft power may be calculated.
6000RPM
Advantages:
Good control at lower
speeds.
Comparatively small size for
a given capacity.
Suitable for higher speed
range.
Vibration Measurement
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about
equipment.
Imbalance of rotating equipment.
Excessive friction.
Machine not working at rated speeds/overworking.
Earthquake...
Seismic Instrument
In vibration analysis of a mechanical system, it is required to measure the
(Accelerometer)
Accelerometer
An accelerometer is a device that measures the