Documenting Sources.

Citations (Quoting)
Lecture 4

Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Defining citations
Role of citations
Types of citations
Citation styles
Quoting

when and how much to quote

integrating quotations into your assignment
ellipses
errors

Defining citations
Citations indicate which ideas are taken
from others and from whom those ideas
were taken; in other words, they give
credit where credit is due

Role of citations
Citations allow researchers to find, read and
comment on each others sources.
An author uses citations to show how their
argument or thesis is built upon the ideas of
others.
Citations give the reader the opportunity to look
up the authors source for further inquiry.
The sources an author uses will tell you the
breadth and depth of an authors research
indicating they have well-rounded and wellresearched scholarship.

Types of citations

In-text citation/referencing

End-of-text citation/ referencing

In-text citation/referencing
1. direct quotations (5%-10%)
- short (not more than 40 words, use
quote marks)
- long (more than 40 words, no quote
marks, indented)
2. summarizing, paraphrasing (use your
words)

Short quotations
Author-prominent
e.g. Durkin (1995) highlights that computer
game is likely to remain part of childrens media
experiences and may well increase as new
developments in the medium arrive (p.70).
Information-prominent
e.g. Computer game is likely to remain part of
childrens media experiences and may well
increase as new developments in the medium
arrive (Durkin, 1995, p.70).

Which is better: author-prominent

or information-prominent?
Either method is fine.
Try to alternate between these two
methods.

Use different verbs to introduce

authors.
Agrees, asserts, believes, claims,
comments, concludes, compares, defines,
describes, examines, explains, explores,
feels, focuses on, holds that, identifies,
maintains, mentions, notes, observes,
points out, refers to, states, touches on
etc.

Long quotations (40 +)

Montessori (1917) further discussed intentionality of action by
its manifestation as motivation. That is, through our wills, we make
intelligent choices to move towards goals. She wrote:
The whole external expression of the will is contained in movement:
whatever action man performs, whether he walks, works, speaks or
writes, opens his eyes to look, or closes them to shut out a scene,
he acts by "motion" ... . Therefore the will is not a simple impulse
towards movement, but the intelligent direction of movements. (pp.
170-171)
First Principles of Instruction are consistent with research on
effective learning (Merrill, 2008). Emotions and sensations
structure the organization of long-term memory (Greenspan &
Benderly, 1997; Greenspan & Shanker, 2004).

Citation Styles
International:
1. MLA style (Modern Language Association),
primarily used for papers in the humanities;
2. APA style (American Psychological
Association), primarily used for papers in the
social sciences;
3. Chicago style (The Chicago Manual of Style),
which is used for both humanities and social
science papers.

Citation Styles
National
Standard SM ISO 690:2012

End-of-text citation/ referencing

Avery, P., Ehrlich, S. Teaching American English
Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2004.
Brandon, L. Paragraphs and Essays. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.
Kenen P. Floating, glides, and indicators: a
comparison of methods for changing exchange
rates. In: Journal of International Economics,
1975, nr. 5, pp.12-30.

When and how much to quote

(5%-10%)
When you plan to discuss the actual language of
a text.
When you are discussing an author's position or
theory and you plan to discuss the wording of a
core assertion or kernel of the argument in your
paper.
When you risk losing the essence of the author's
ideas in the translation from her words to your
own.
When you want to appeal to the authority of the
author and using his or her words will emphasize
that authority.

What type of quotation?

Short?
Long/Block?
Advice:
- Use quotations sparingly.
- Integrate quotations into your assignment.

Integrating quotations into your

assignment
Task: Discuss whether social psychology is a
science or an art.
One of the central characteristics of science
is its method of demonstrating knowledge
through clearly observable events. According to
Vaughan and Hogg (1995), social psychologists
study behaviour because it is behaviour that can
be observed (p.2). This gives strength to the
claim that psychology is a science rather than an
art because the scientific method constructs
knowledge from observable data.

Ellipses
Jones (2001) stated that the `placebo
effect` () disappeared when all the
relevant behaviours were studied (p.115).

Errors
Braum (1999) argues that there is no way
to determines [sic] moral laws (p.125).