Technical Drawing

Designing things on paper

Conceptual Sketches
When you first get
an idea for
something you want
to build you may
draw it roughly,
without using
instruments or
accurate scales.
This is called a
conceptual sketch.

Types of Drawings
All Drawings

Technical

Artistic

Sketches
(conceptual)

Diagrams

Drawings

(design & technical)

(technical/engineering)
simulated

perspective
Diagram

Diagram

Oblique

(design plan)

(technical)

projection

Less technical

Isometric
projection

Multi view
orthographic

More technical

 A conceptual sketch
Allows an idea to be
expressed quickly in graphic
form
Is prepared free-hand (without
drawing instruments)
Is not done to scale, but it
respects the rules of technical
drawing as much as possible,
and is made roughly
proportional to the object
represented.

Technical Drawings
Serve as a reference
to workers, architects
or machinists.
When you are ready
to design the details,
you make a technical
drawing, done with
more detail and more
accuracy.

Difference:
Sketch: made without drafting tools...
Just pencil and paper. Scale is
approximate, not accurate, but the sketch
should still look like the object.
Drawing: made with drafting tools...
Ruler, set squares, protractor and
compass. Scale should be accurate and
the drawing carefully made.

A technical drawing

Presents all the information necessary for the objects construction.

Is made with great precision,
Requires the use of rulers, compass and protractor or drafting software.
Is done to scale, and respects the proportions of the object represented.
Respects conventions in the mode of the representation.
representation

Basic Lines (part 1)

Represents the
outline

Thick

Draw the visible

object edges
with these lines

Shows hidden
details

Medium
dashed

Draw hidden
edges with
these

Construction Used during

Line
drafting

Fine

Faint lines,
sometimes
coloured

Dimension
Line

Used to indicate
a dimension

Fine,

Dimension &
extension lines
go together!

Extension
Line

Used with a
dimension line

Fine

Center
(Axial) Line

Shows center or
symmetry

Fine

Visible
(Object) Line

Hidden Line

with arrows

Near arrows

With dash in
middle

8cm

8 cm

Basic Lines (part 1)

Ghost Line

Sometimes in
other color

Shows possible
movement

Fine

Cutting
plane line

Position of a
cross-section

Thick

Hatched
Lines

Surface of a
cross-section

Fine

Show where it
is solid (section
view only!!)

Long Break

Shows that a
line is shortened

Fine

Used only for

large objects

Short break
(cutaway)

Object shortened
or cut away

Medium

Leader Line

Points to
something

Fine

dashed

With arrows

With zig-zag

Used only if you

plan to draw a
cross section

With curve

With bent
arrow

Attaches a comment
or angle or
dimension to an
object.

Technical Drawing of Fighter Plane

(Isometric Projection, exploded view)

Technical drawings can represent things

as simple as a spoon,
or

Technical Drawing of a spoon

Multi-view, Orthographic projection

 as complex as a space ship

Photograph of Mercury Spacecraft

Technical Drawing of Mercury Spacecraft, Top View, Orthographic

Technical Drawing of Mercury Spacecraft, Isometric Projection

Projections

Perspective projections
Multi-view projections
Isometric projection
Oblique projection

Vanishing Point

True Perspective
Objects drawn in true perspective
look realistic.
They have vanishing points
where straight lines seem to
converge
Vanishing Points
They can have one, two or three vanishing
points, depending on how much the artist
wants to work.

But in true perspective, objects far

away will be drawn smaller than
nearby objects not a good idea in
technical drawing!
Vanishing Points

More True Perspective Drawings

 Now that you have seen how nice

perspective drawings can be...

FORGET ABOUT THEM!

We hardly ever use perspective projections
when doing technical drawing.
They are too much work, and they dont show all
the details we may need to show.
Also, they distort both angles and dimensions.

Leave them for ART class...

Isometric Projection
(a simulated perspective drawing style)
Isometric (or simulated
perspective) drawings
look at first like
perspective drawings
But the lines dont
converge. There are no
vanishing points and
distant objects are the
same size as nearby
ones.
Right angles in isometric
projections are usually
represented by 60 or
120 angles.

60
Represents 90

Represents 90

More isometric drawings

Warning: Your workbook classifies isometric drawings as perspective

drawings, but they are not true perspective. They resemble perspective
drawings but in a true perspective drawing, distant objects are drawn smaller. In
isometric drawing, distant objects are not smaller..

Oblique Projection
another simulated perspective

Similar to isometric projection, it

is also a simulated perspective
In oblique projections, the side
of the object facing you is drawn
square and accurate (that is
with right angles at 90 and its
measurements proportional)
The sides not facing you are
distorted

Warning: Your workbook calls this oblique

perspective, but it is not a true perspective.

This side is not!

This side is
accurate
90
=60

90

Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projections flatten one view of
the object onto a sheet of paper, while retaining
the correct proportions (angles and dimensions)
Maps are an example of orthographic projection
(a top view)
The trouble with orthographic projections is that
one view usually isnt enough.
Maps and floor-plans are exceptions, where one top-view
is often enough.

Orthographic Projection
(Multi-view)
Draws an object as it
would be seen from
several different
directions
The views are flat,
with all angles shown
correctly and all
measurements to
scale.

Comparing Projections
Perspective drawings look nicer
when used by an artist, but
Isometric, oblique and multi-view
drawings give more accurate
information when used in
technical drawing.
Isometric drawings show accurate
dimensions, but distorted angles.
Oblique drawings give accurate
dimensions for one side only.
Orthographic (multi-view) are the
best choice for most technical
drawing.

Oblique

Orthographic
(multi-view)

Comparison of Projections
Projection

Used for

Tested on

Orthographic

Drafting, maps, floor plans

Yes

Technical drawings,
drafting, conceptual
sketches (sometimes)

Yes

(top view)

Orthographic
(multi-view)

True Perspective
(one, two or three point)

Isometric

Artistic drawing, conceptual No

sketches

(simulated perspective)

Conceptual sketches,
Yes
technical drawings (sometimes)

Oblique

Conceptual sketches

(simulated perspective)

No

An Isometric Drawing

Scale
SCALE is the relationship between the
measurement of an object drawn on a sheet of
paper, and the measurements of the actual
object.
Often technical drawings are made a different size
from the objects they represent.
Scale-reduction is when the drawing is smaller
than the actual object
Scale-increase is when the drawing is larger than
the actual object.

Dimensioning
When a drawing is done to scale, you should
label it with its dimensions.
Use dimension lines to label each dimension, with
extensions where necessary
You should label just enough edges to show all the
dimensions, but you dont need to repeat.
In Canada (at least for science) dimensions are
usually given in millimetres (mm). If you use different
units (cm, in, feet etc.) you need to write the unit. You
do not need to write mm if all of your dimensions are in
millimetres.
Angles can be shown in degrees (), diameter by ,
and radius by R

300 means 300mm

unless another unit is
specified

Dimensioning

A Toy Truck
How to label
an angle.
means diameter
(R would be
radius)

How to label small

dimensions.

Dimensioning
Dimensions can also be
shown on isometric
drawings, but you have to
be a bit more careful.
Also, you should only
show the most important
dimensions on an
isometric drawing.

Diagrams
Diagrams are simplified versions of a
drawing. Diagrams show how an object
works, not necessarily how it looks.
Diagrams often use abstract symbols
rather than actual pictures to represent
things.

A Circuit Diagram
Doesnt show what the circuit looks like, but
tells an electrician how its all connected.

Diagram of Energy Conversion Unit

It doesnt show what the unit looks like, but rather,
what it does or how it works.

Exploded Views
A diagram that shows an object taken
apart is sometimes called an exploded
view.

Chapter 11 Questions
1. Two common drawings used in technology are:
Engineering (or technical) Drawings and Diagrams.

2. Technology is a set of techniques used by humans to

design, build, and maintain objects and systems that we
need or want.

3.

(a) Basic Line

(b) Function

Dimension Line

Indicates the length of an object

Extension Line

Shows boundaries of a measurement

Visible (or Object) Line

Shows Visible outlines of an object

Hatching

Indicates surface in a section view

Leader (or Reference) Line

Ties a dimension (or a label) to a feature

Hidden Line

Indicates hidden outlines

Centre (or symmetry) Line

Indicates the center of a circle

(c) Cutting Plane lines and Construction Lines are not shown.

 4. Geometric Lines
A) the main drafting instruments are: T-square,
set-squares, ruler, pencil and compass
B) The three types of straight line are: horizontal,
vertical, and oblique.
C) Two drafting instruments that can draw circles
are the compass and the circle template.

5. The Stop Signs: The stop sign on the left is a

sketch, since it appears to be drawn freehand. The one
on the right was drawn using tools.

6. Projections:
A) The rays are perpendicular in multi-view and
isometric projections
B) these are called orthogonal projections

 7. The six views are:

Top view, Front view, Right Side view
Bottom view, Back (or Rear) view, Left Side view

8. The three drawings:

#1 oblique projection, #2 isometric, #3 multiview (or orthographic view)
#1 and #2 are the perspective drawings. (actually
they are simulated perspective drawings rather than true
artistic perspective)

9. Views
A matches 3,
C matches 4,

B matches 1
D matches 2

 10. Jonathan is building a model car. He is

reducing the measurements 40 times.
The scale he is using is a scale reduction.
It is indicated by 1:40
The finished model will be 100 mm long (or 10 cm)

11. The diagram of the soccer field has a scale

of 1:2000, so... (hint:

use your ruler)

The width of the actual field is 68000 mm (or 68m)

The length of the actual field is 104000 mm (104m)

12. The dimensions of the skateboard are:

Length = 790 mm (or 79 cm)
Width = 210 mm (or 21 cm)
Diameter of wheels = 60 mm

 13. The maximum difference between the

measurement on the diagram, and the real-life
measurement is called the tolerance.

14. Match the objects to their cross sections:

A matches 1
B probably matches 3, (but could match 2)
C probably matches 2, (but could match 3)

15. Look at the diagram of the wrench.

Section [B] is octagonal
Section [C] is circular (or round)
The sections are aligned, they are shown inside
the drawing of the wrench instead of outside of it.

 16. Diagram of kitchen scale

A) The force is exerted on the tray
B) 7 regular screws were used, plus one bolt (which
is a type of screw) so I would also accept an answer
of 8.
C) The rod can move up and down ( or, more
accurately, has bidirectional translation)
D) The coil spring allows the rod to return to its
initial position.

Define:

Technology
Technical Drawing
Basic Lines
Geometric Lines
Sketch
Projection
Isometric (projection) Oblique (projection)
Orthagonal (proj.) Multiview (projection)
General drawing Exploded drawing
Detail drawing
Scale
Dimensioning
Tolerance
Section
Cross section
Diagrams: design, technical, and circuit

Basic Lines to Know

Visible(or object)
Hidden
Construction
Centre
Dimension and extension
Cutting Plane
Hatching
Leader (or reference)

Geometric Lines to know

Horizontal (straight)
Vertical (straight)
Oblique
Ellipse (and circle)
Curve

Methods of Drawing
Sketching
Drafting
Computer Assisted Design (C.A.D.)

Projections
Multiview (orthagonal)
Isometric
Oblique

Scale
Dimensioning
Calculating Scale

Diagrams
Design plan diagrams
Technical diagrams
Circuit diagrams
Symbols for
Forces or constraints
Movement
Parts (screw or bolt, nut, guides)
Electrical circuits