Chapter 7 Temperature and Zeroth Law New

PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES
Fundamental Physics
Chapter 7
Pham Hong Quang
E-mail: quangph@pvu.edu.vn
Hanoi, August 2012
Chapter 7 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law

of Thermodynamics
7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of
Thermodynamics
7.2 Thermal Expansion
7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
7.4 Thermodynamic Processes
7.5 Heat Transfer
Pham Hong Quang
Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

Thermodynamics
Temperature measures the speed of the
molecules
The standard scale of temperature is Kelvin.
The Kelvin scale is setup so that its zero point is
the coldest possible temperature--absolute zero,
at which point a substance would have zero
internal energy. Absolute zero can never be
reached, but there is no limit to how close we can
get to it. Scientists have cooled substances to
within 10-5 Kelvins of absolute zero. How do we
know how cold absolute zero is, if nothing has
ever been at that temperature? The answer is by
graphing Pressure vs. Temperature for a variety of
gases and extrapolating.
Pham Hong Quang

Thermodynamics
The zeroth law of thermodynamics:
If two systems are each in thermal
equilibrium with a third, then they are in
thermal equilibrium with one another.
If two thermal systems are in thermal equilibrium
with one another, then they have the same
temperature.
Temperature is the indicator of thermal equilibrium
in the sense that there is no net flow of heat
between two systems in thermal contact that have
Pham Hong Quang

Thermodynamics
Constant -Volume
Gas Thermometer
It works based on the
variation of pressure of a
fixed volume gas as its
temperature changes.
The volume of the gas is
kept constant by raising or
lowering the reservoir B to
keep the mercury level at A
constant.
The pressure is indicated
by the height difference
between reservoir B and
column A.
Pham Hong Quang

Thermodynamics
Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer,
Cont.
To find the temperature of a substance, the gas
flask is placed in thermal contact with the
substance.
The thermometer readings are virtually
independent of the gas used.
If the lines for various gases are extended, the
pressure is always zero when the temperature is
273.15o C.
This temperature is called absolute zero.
Absolute zero is used as the basis of the
absolute temperature scale.
Pham Hong Quang

Thermodynamics
Pham Hong Quang

Thermodynamics
How do you calibrate your
thermometer
By international agreement the triple point of water

has been assigned the value of 273.16 K.
T 273.16 K
Celsius scale:
lim
m 0
p3
It means: T c at
Tc T 273.15
the triple point is 0.01 Celsius degree.
Fahrenheit scale
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9
o
TF TC 32 32.02 F
5

Thermodynamics
Pham Hong Quang

Thermodynamics
Temperature Measurement -Some Thermometers
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10

The volume of matter
expands when the atomic
spacing increases.
Increase temperature
increase volume.
V V0 T
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For small volume
changes the
relationship between
volume and
temperature is linear.
The coefficient of
volume expansion is
.
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Coefficient
Material
Quartz
1 x 10-6 C-1
Pyrex glass 9 x 10-6 C-1

Glass
27 x 10-6 C-1
Steel
35 x 10-6 C-1
Aluminum 75 x 10-6 C-1

Mercury
180 x 10-6 C-1
Water
210 x 10-6 C-1
Gasoline
950 x 10-6 C-1
Ethyl alcohol
1100 x 10-6 C-1
Air (1 atm)
3400 x 10-6 C-1
12

Most substances
expand uniformly
with temperature.
Water does not
follow the pattern.
Below 4 C water
expands as it cools
Very cold water
stays on top
Ice is even less
dense
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13

The change in
volume applies to
the three
dimensions.
If the change is
equal in all
directions is split
in thirds.
V0 L0 H 0W0
V LH 0W0 L0 HW0 L0 H 0 W
V (T L0 ) H 0W0
3
L0 (T H 0 )W0
3
L0 H 0 (T W0 )
3
L TL0
The coefficient of
/3
linear expansion in
solids () is usually
one third of . Faculty of Fundamental Sciences
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14
Pham Hong Quang
15

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation between heat, work and internal
energy of a system and its interaction with its
environment..
Example systems
Gas in a container
Magnetization and
demagnetization
Charging &
discharging a battery
Chemical reactions
Thermocouple
operation
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16

Thermodynamics States
A state variable describes the state
of a system at time t, but it does not
reveal how the system was put into
that state.
Examples of state variables:
P = pressure (Pa or N/m2),
T = temperature (K),
V = volume (m3),
n = number of moles, and
U = internal energy (J).
Pham Hong Quang
17

What is heat?
What is heat? Heat is energy transferred from
one object to another due to a temperature
difference. This thermal energy is internal energy
consisting of kinetic and potential energy of the
atoms and molecules that make up the object. The
symbol for heat is Q. It is positive when it is
transferred to the system of interest. Heat is energy
that is transferred between systems.
A system or object does not contain heat. You can
not say
an object has 100 Joules of heat or 100 Joules of
work. Heat is notFaculty
a property
of the system like
Pham Hong Quang
of Fundamental Sciences
18

Specific
heatQ
mT
The specific heat determined for a solid or liquid depends slightly on

the temperature, and usually assumes it is measured at constant
pressure (usually
atmospheric), and constant volume. It turns out the
specific heat for solids and liquids does not very much. Only a few
per cent. For gases, however, it can vary a lot with pressure and
volume as you will see.
The units of specific heat are Joules per kg per K
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19
SpecificHeatscatRoom
Temperature
Pham Hong Quang
Substance
Joules/kg/K
lead
128
copper
386
aluminum
900
glass
840
water
4190
20

Heats of Transformation
When energy is absorbed as heat by a solid or
liquid, the temperature of the object does not
necessarily rise.
The thermal energy may cause the mass to
change from one phase, or state, to another.
The amount of energy per unit mass that must
be transferred as heat when a mass
undergoes a phase change is called the heat
of transformation, L.
When the phase change is from solid to
liquid, the sample must absorb heat; when the
phase change is from a liquid to solid, the
sample must release heat.
Q m for
L fthese phase
The heat of transformation
changes is called the heat of fusion, Lf.
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21

To vaporize a liquid means to change it from
the liquid state to the vapor or gas state.
This process requires energy because the
molecules must be freed from the liquid state.
Condensing a gas to a liquid is the reverse of
vaporizing; it requires that energy be removed
from the gas so that the molecules can cluster
together instead of flying away from each
other.
The heat of transformation for these phase
changes is called the heat of vaporization,
Lv.
Q m Lv
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22
The internal energy of a system changes

from an initial value Ui to a final value of
Uf due to heat Q and work W.
Q is positive when the system gains heat and

negative when it loses heat. W is positive
when work is done by the system and
negative when work is done on the system.
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23

Example1.
Positive and Negative
Work
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24

A thermodynamic process is represented by a
change in one or more of the thermodynamic
variables describing the system.
Each point on the curve

represents an
equilibrium state of the
system.
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25

Work and the Area Under a PressureVolume Graph
The area under a
pressure-volume graph is
the work for any kind of
process.
The colored area gives
the work done by the gas
for the process from X to
Y.
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26

Check Your Understanding
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27

An isobaric process
is one that occurs at constant pressure.
Pham Hong Quang
For an isobaric
process, a pressureversus-volume plot is
a horizontal straight
line, and the work
done [W = P(V f
V i)] is the colored
rectangular area
under the graph.
28

An isobaric process,
cont.
The substance in the
chamber is
expanding
isobarically because
the pressure is held
constant by the
external atmosphere
and the weight of
the piston and the
block.
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29

Example3.
Isobaric Expansion of Water
One gram of water is placed in the cylinder in above
figure, and the pressure is maintained at 2.0 105
Pa. The temperature of the water is raised by 31 C.
In one case, the water is in the liquid phase and
expands by the small amount of 1.0 108 m3. In
another case, the water is in the gas phase and
expands by the much greater amount of 7.1 105
m3. For the water in each case, find (a) the work
done and (b) the change in the internal energy.
c = 4186 J/(kgC)
Pham Hong Quang
cP = 2020 J/(kgC).
30

(a)
(b)
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31

Isochoric process (Isometric)
one that occurs at constant volume.
(a)The substance in the chamber
is being heated isochorically
because the rigid chamber
keeps the volume constant.
(b)The pressure-volume plot for
an isochoric process is a
vertical straight line. The area
under the graph is zero,
indicating that no work is
done. It means that the
change in the internal energy
equals the heat transfer:
U = Q
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32

Adiabatic
process
There is adiabatic process, one that occurs

without the transfer of heat . Since there is no
heat transfer, Q equals zero, and the first law
indicates that
U = Q W = W. Thus,
when work is done by a system adiabatically,
W is positive and the internal energy of the
system decreases by exactly the amount of
the work done. When work is done on a
system adiabatically, W is negative and the
internal energy increases correspondingly.
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33

Adiabatic process,
cont.
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34

Isothermal process
isothermal process,
one that takes place at
constant temperature. In
an isothermal process,
both P and V of the gas
change
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35

Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas, Example
vf
vf
PdV
vi
Pham Hong Quang
vi
vf
nRTdV
nRT ln
V
vi
36

Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas
Two moles of the monatomic gas argon expand
isothermally at 298 K, from an initial volume of Vi
= 0.025 m3 to a final volume of Vf = 0.050 m3.
Assuming that argon is an ideal gas, find (a) the
work done by the gas, (b) the change in the
internal energy of the gas, and (c) the heat
supplied to the gas.
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37
7.5 Heat Transfer Mechanism

Heat always moves from a warmer place to a
cooler place.
Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room
temperature.
Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to
room temperature.
Heat transfers in three ways:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
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38
7.5 Heat Transfer Mechanism

Conduction
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat
travels to the other end.
As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these
vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so
on and so on, the vibrations are passed along the
metal and so is the heat. We call this?
CONDUCTION
The outer electrons of metal atoms drift, and are free
to move. When the metal is heated, this sea of
electrons gain kinetic energy and transfer it
throughout the metal.
Insulators, such as wood and plastic, do not have this
Pham
Hong
of Fundamental
sea
ofQuang
electronsFaculty
which
is why Sciences
they do not conduct 39
7.5 Heat Transfer

Conduction
Pcond = Q / t
(energy/time)
(Through solid slabs)
Q kA(TH TC )
t
L
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Substance
k(W/m.K)
Stainlesssteel
14
Aluminum
235
Copper
401
Polyurethanefoam
0.024
Air
0.026
40
7.5 Heat Transfer

Rate through each slab are equal in
steady state
Pcond
Pcond
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k1 A(Tx TC ) k2 A(TH Tx )
L1
L2
A(TH TC )
L1 L2
k1 k 2
Pcond
A(TH TC )
L1 L2 L3
k1 k2 k3
41
7.5 Heat Transfer

Convection
Convection and Buoyancy
- Convection occurs because when a fluid such
as air or water is heated its density
decreases.
- It rises up through a buoyant force .
- The heated air from a candle flame or hot
stove rises because of this.
- Requires a medium
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42
7.5 Heat Transfer
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43
7.5 Heat Transfer
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44
7.5 Heat Transfer
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45
7.5 Heat Transfer

Emission experiment
experiment
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46
7.5 Heat Transfer

Absorption experiment
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47
Thank you!
Nguyen Van A
48
48

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PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCES

Hanoi, August 2012

Chapter 7 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of

7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of

7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of

By international agreement the triple point of water

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.1 Temperature and Zeroth law of

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.2 Thermal Expansion

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.2 Thermal Expansion

Pham Hong Quang

Pyrex glass 9 x 10-6 C-1

Aluminum 75 x 10-6 C-1

180 x 10-6 C-1

210 x 10-6 C-1

950 x 10-6 C-1

1100 x 10-6 C-1

3400 x 10-6 C-1

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.2 Thermal Expansion

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.2 Thermal Expansion

7.2 Thermal Expansion

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics

7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics

The specific heat determined for a solid or liquid depends slightly on

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Pham Hong Quang

Faculty of Fundamental Sciences

7.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics