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DR Tutkane
DR Tutkane
What is a VFD?
+
+
L1
C
Motor
L2
L3
_
_
+
_
Input Converter
(Diode Bridge)
+
_
DC Bus
(Filter)
Output Inverter
(IGBTs)
VFD Fundamentals
A variable frequency drive converts incoming 60 Hz
utility power into DC, then converts to a simulated
variable voltage, variable frequency output
AC
DC
RECTIFIER
(AC - DC)
50 Hz Power
INVERTER
(DC - AC)
Zero - 100 Hz
50 Hz
VFD
ABB
To
Motor
Zero - 100 Hz
Electrical Energy
VFD
AC
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Voltage
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Frequency
Voltage
Positive
DC Bus
Negative
DC Bus
RECTIFIER INVERTER
Frequency
Frequency = 30Hz
Frequency = 60Hz
DC to AC Converter
(Inverter)
DEFINITION: Converts DC to AC power by
switching the DC input voltage (or
current) in a pre-determined sequence so
as to generate AC voltage (or current)
output.
General block diagram
IDC
+
VDC
Iac
+
Vac
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
Un-interruptible power supply (UPS), Industrial
(induction motor) drives, Traction, HVDC
T1
D1
D3
+ VO -
V DC
IO
T4
T2
D2
EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT
S1
S3
S4
S2
D4
AC Waveform Generation
S1,S2 ON; S3,S4 OFF
S1
VDC
VDC
S3
+ vO
t1
S4
t2
S2
S1
VDC
S3
t2
+ vO
S4
S2
-VDC
t3
AC Waveforms
INVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Vdc
-Vdc
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT
V1
V1
3
V1
5
4VDC
3RD HARMONIC
5RD HARMONIC
Harmonics Filtering
DC SUPPLY
INVERTER
LOAD
L
+
vO 1
BEFORE FILTERING
vO 1
+
vO 2
AFTER FILTERING
vO 2
Vdc1
T2
+
VC1
Vdc
S1
V +
o
G
+
VC2
-
RL
S2
Vdc
2
S1 OFF
S2 ON
Single-phase, full-bridge
(1)
Full bridge (single phase) is built from two
half-bridge leg.
The switching in the second leg is delayed
by 180 degrees from the first leg.
LEG R
VRG
Vdc
2
LEG R'
+
+
Vdc
2
S1
Vdc
S3
Vo -
R'
+
Vdc
2
VR 'G
Vdc
2
Vdc
2
Vdc
2
Vo
Vdc
S4
S2
Vo V RG VR 'G
G is " virtual groumd"
Vdc
THREE-PHASE INVERTER
Each leg (Red, Yellow, Blue) is
delayed by 120 degrees.
A three-phase inverter with star
connected load is shown below
+Vdc
+
Vdc/2
G
S1
S3
+
Vdc/2
S5
iR
iY
S4
B
iB
S6
ZR
ia
S2
ib
ZY
N
ZB
I.
Gating
I.
(Vab )1 (rms)
3 4 Vdc
6
Vdc 0.78Vdc
2 2
0.78
Vdc
h
h 6n 1
(n 1, 2, 3,.....)
I.
Disadvantages of PWM
Increase of switching losses due to high PWM
frequency
Reduction of available voltage
EMI problems due to high-order harmonics
I.
10
I.
vcontrol
peak of (V A0 )1
,
vtri
Vdc / 2
VA0
INVERTER
Frequency of vtri = fs
Frequency of vcontrol = f1
peak
amplitude of vcontrol
peak value of
amplitude of vtri
Vdc / 2
(V A0 )1
VA0
fs
, where, fs PWM frequency and f1 fundamental frequency
f1
1
M1
Carrier waveform
1
Vdc
2
0
t0 t1 t2
t3 t4 t5
Vdc
2
Triangulation
method
(Natural
sampling)
Amplitudes of the triangular wave
(carrier) and sine wave (modulating)
are
compared
to
obtain
PWM
waveform.
Simple
analogue
comparator can be used.
Basically an analogue method. Its
digital version, known as REGULAR
sampling is widely used in industry.
1
M1
Carrier waveform
1
Vdc
2
0
t0 t1 t 2
t 3 t 4 t5
Vdc
2
Bipolar Switching
Modulating Waveform
1
M1
1
Vdc
2
0
Vdc
2
t0 t1 t2
t3 t4 t5
Carrier waveform
Unipolar switching
1
A
Carrier waveform B
(a)
S1
(b)
S3
(c)
V pwm
(d)
modulating
waveform
carrier
waveform
kth
pulse
1k
2k
Three-phase harmonics
For three-phase inverters, there is
significant advantage if MR is chosen to be:
Odd: All even harmonic will be
eliminated from the pole-switching
waveform.
triplens (multiple of three (e.g.
3,9,15,21, 27..):
All triplens harmonics will be eliminated
from the line-to-line output voltage.
By observing the waveform, it can be seen
that with odd MR, the line-to-line voltage
shape looks more sinusoidal.
As can be noted from the spectra, the
phase voltage amplitude is 0.8
(normalised). This is because the
modulation index is 0.8. The line voltage
amplitude is square root three of phase
voltage due to the three-phase relationship