Electrical Technology 1

EEED114
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit 4th
Edition, Alexander Sadiku

Basic Concept
1.Systems

of Units
2.Charge and current
3.Voltage
4.Power and Energy
5.Circuit Elements
Source: Fundamental Of Electric
Circuit 4th Edition, Alexander
Sadiku

Introduction
An electrical network 1 is an interconnection
of electrical elements such as resistors,
inductors, capacitors, transmission lines,
voltage sources, current sources, and switches.
An electrical circuit 1is a network that has a
closed loop, giving a return path for the
current.
AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT IS AN INTERCONNECTION OF
ELECTRICAL ELEMENTS
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit 4th Edition,
Alexander Sadiku

Introduction

Source: http://www.vizimac.com/house-electrical-wiring; http://brain101.in

Introduction

Systems of Units

International measurement
language
is used to
communicate between countries
around the world.

International system of Units or

SI units is used as the
measurement language.
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit 4th
Edition, Alexander Sadiku

Systems of Units
TABLE I.I

The six basic SI units

Quantity

Basic unit

Symbol

Length

Meter

Mass

Kilogram

kg

Time

second

Electric current

Ampere

Thermodynamic Temperature

Kelvin

Luminous intensity

candela

cd

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

Systems of Units

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

Systems of Units
Example:
1.

1,000,000 ohms

= 1 x 106 ohms
= 1 mega ohm
= 1 M

2.

100,000 meters

= 100 x 103 meters

= 100 kilometers
= 100 km

3.

0.001 second
seconds

4.

0.0000001 farad

= 1 x 10-3
= 1 millisecond
= 1 ms
= 0.1 x 10-6 farad
= 0.1 microfarad
= 0.1 F

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

10

Charge and Current

The principle explaining all
electrical phenomena
Charge - electrical property of the atomic
particles, measured in coulumbs (C).

1C = 6.24 x 1018 electrons

e = -1.602 x 10-19 C
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit
4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

11

Charge and Current

The motion of charges creates electric current.

The universally accepted convention that the
current is the net flow of positive charges.
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit
4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

12

Charge and Current

Electric Current is time rate of change of
charge, measured in amperes (A).

dq
i
dt

1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second
The charge transferred between
time to and t is

q i dt
t
to

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

13

Charge and Current

(a) Direct current

(dc) a current that

remains constant
with time.
(b) Alternating
current (ac) a
current that varies
sinusoidally with
time.

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

14

Charge and Current

Conventional current flow

(a) Positive current flow

(b) negative current flow

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

15

Voltage
Definition:
Voltage (potential difference) is energy required
to move a unit of charge through an element,
measured in volts (V).

Point a is at higher potential than point b.

If vab= 3 V, then vba= -3 V because point b has
lower than point a.
vab = - vba
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit
4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

16

Voltage

Figure 1.7 (a)

Vab = 9 V
Vba = -9 V

Figure 1.7(b)
Vab= - (-9)V = 9V
Vba= -9 V

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

17

Power and Energy

Definition:
Power time rate of expanding or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W).

dw
p
dt

dw dw dq
p

v i
dt dq dt

If the power is positive, the power is being

delivered to or absorbed by the element.
If the power is negative, the power is delivered
from or supplied by the element.
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit
4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

18

Power and Energy

The sign of power in an element is determined by the direction of
the current and the polarity of the voltage.

Fig. (a) The current

enters through +ve
polarity of the voltage, p
= + vi (absorbing)
Fig. (b) The current
enters thru -ve polarity
of the voltage, p = - vi
(supplying)

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

19

Power and Energy

Passive sign convention (current enters through the
positive polarity of the voltage) is satisfied when the
current entries through the positive terminal of an element
and p = + vi. If the current enters through the negative
terminal, p = - vi.

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

20

Power and Energy

Law of conservation of energy must be obeyed:

The algebraic sum of power in a circuit must be
equal to zero at any instant of time.

P = 0
or the total power supplied to the circuit must be
equal to the total power absorbed by the circuit.
+ Power absorbed = - Power supplied

The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from

time t0 to time t is t
t

w p dt vi dt
t0

t0

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

21

Circuit Elements

An element is the basic building block of a circuit

There are two types of elements:
I.
II.

Passive elements
Active elements

Active elements capable of generating energy,

i.e
batteries,
generators,
and
operational
amplifiers.

Passive elements no energy generating

capability, i.e. resistors, capacitors and inductors.
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit
4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

22

Circuit Elements
The most important active elements are voltage or current
sources.
There are two kinds of sources:
I.
Independent sources
II.
Dependent sources
Independent source:

active element that provides a specified voltage

or current that is completely independent of other
circuit elements.
Dependent (or controlled) source:

active element that in which the source quantity is

controlled by another voltage or current.
Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit
4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

23

Circuit Elements
Independent sources:

voltage sources

current source

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

24

Circuit Elements
Dependent sources:

(a) voltage sources

(b) current source

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

25

Circuit Elements
There are four possible types of
dependent sources:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Voltage-controlled
Current-controlled
Voltage-controlled
Current-controlled

voltage source (VCVS).

voltage source (CCVS).
current source (VCCS).
current source (CCCS).

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

26

Circuit Elements

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

27

Circuit Elements
Example 1.7

Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each

component of circuit in Fig. 1.15.

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

28

Circuit Elements
Practice Problem 1.7

Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each

component of circuit in Fig. 1.16.

Source: Fundamental Of Electric Circuit

4th Edition, Alexander Sadiku

29