1.

A theory based on observation and scientific study

about how people learn.

2. Knowledge is not a fixed object, it is constructed

by an individual through his/her own experience
of that object.

3. Example: When we encounter something new, we

have to reconcile it with our previous ideas and
experience
 CONSTRUCTIVISM
4. Constructivist approach to learning emphasizes
challenging projects that include students, teachers
and experts in the learning community.

5. Jean Piaget and John Dewey developed theories of

childhood development and education, that led to the
evolution of constructivism.

6. Lev Vygotsky introduced the social aspect of learning

into constructivism.
 'Can there be a human science?‘ was posed by Guba
and Lincoln while writing a research in 1989 and 1990

Suggested that constructivism is a workable paradigm for the study of

human interaction.

Compare this paradigm with possible alternatives – post

positivism and critical theory

Come to the conclusion that constructivism offers the most useful way
forward.
 CONSTRUCTIVIST ACTIVITIES

Experimentation
Research projects
Field trips
Films
Class discussions
ADVANTAGES
Accommodate students interest
Allows reconstruction and revision of previous
learning.

DISADVANTAGES
Time consuming
Difficult to evaluate
 WHY IT IS CALL THAT?
Constructivism is a dominant perspective in fields like
science education.

Its implies that the idea is so strong that it completely

dominates an entire field or discipline.

Example of constructivism theory:

Goal-based theory
Social development theory (Vygotsky)
Problem-based learning (PBL)
Situated learning
What is goal based
theory
The concept of this theory is to increase the performance
of the learner by setting a set of difficult and specific
goals.
The learner must have confident in their own ability to
accomplish the goal in order for the theory to work.
The learner will be exposed to some form of positive
reinforcement and motivation.
Implementation In Classroom
Setting
The teacher act as a facilitator and motivator
The teacher will instill one of the source of extrinsic
motivation for the learner.
The students performance will increase if the teacher
present enough extrinsic motivation to the learner.
The teacher must also employed some positive
reinforcement to build the student confident level
Advantages
Increase the learner performance in class
The students confident level will be boost if they manage
to accomplish the task.
The learner will develop an urge to be more serious and
do better in class.
The learner will be more motivated to learn in class.
Disadvantages
The teacher will have difficulties teaching when there are
no extrinsic motivation such as rewards.
This theory is time consuming with the constant
motivation.
The learner confident level will suffer if the theory should
fail.
References
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal-setting_theory.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_theory.com
 Social interaction plays a fundamental role in the
development of cognition.
social learning precedes development.

Vygotsky states: Every function in the child's

cultural development appears twice:
-first, on the social level, and later, on the
individual level;
-first, between people (interpsychological) and
then inside the child (intrapsychological).
The More Knowledgeable Other (MKO).

 The MKO refers to anyone who has a better

understanding or a higher ability level than
the learner, with respect to a particular task,
process, or concept.

 The MKO is normally thought of as being a

teacher, coach, or older adult, but the MKO
could also be peers, a younger person, or
even computers.
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
The ZPD is the distance between a student’s
ability to perform a task under adult guidance
and/or with peer collaboration and the
student’s ability solving the problem
independently.

learning occurred in this zone.

Implementation and used in classroom
setting

students play an active role in their own

education.

the teacher works in partnership with her/his

students in order for students to create their
own meaning.

The classroom environment should have a

space for peer instruction, collaboration, and
small group instruction.
 Advantage Disadvantage
Recognizes importance of not accepted by mainstream
human evolution psychologists and educators.
-human abilities as ignorance or rejection of role
adaptations for survival and of biological evolution in
reproduction. human behavior, skills and
-human desires/preferences preferences.
as adaptations for survival
and reproduction.
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a student-
centered instructional strategy in which students
collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their
experiences.

Students are encouraged to take responsibility for

their group and organize and direct the learning
process with support from a tutor or instructor
Characteristics of PBL are:

Learning is driven by challenging, open-

ended , ill-defined and ill-structured,
practical problems.

Students generally work in collaborative

groups.

Teachers take on the role as "facilitators" of

learning.
Implementation and used in classroom
settings

There is no right or wrong answer in PBL.

Rather, there are reasonable solutions

based on application of knowledge and
skills deemed necessary to address the
issue.
 For example the issues and problem
here is by asking the students meta-
cognitive question.

Eg,how do you know that?

What is the solution?

 These kinds of question are meant to

get students to become self-reflective
about their learning process.
Advantages of Problem Based Learning

To discover what the student need to learn

To develop student skills for achieving higher

performance in teams

To improve students communications skills

To train student to become more flexible in

processing information

To train student to practice skills that they will

need after their education
Disadvantages of Problem Based Learning

Passive students will not take part in the

conversation or discussion

students might get confused or lost.

Other teaching methods are useful too

Too much time will be wasted on planning the

lesson
Overview
Situated Learning Theory posits that learning is
unintentional and situated within authentic
activity, context, and culture
Explanation
Lave argues that learning as it normally occurs is
a function of the activity, context and culture in
which it occurs
Knowledge needs to be presented in authentic
contexts — settings and situations that would
normally involve that knowledge.
Social interaction and collaboration are
essential components of situated learning --
learners become involved in a "community
of practice" which embodies certain beliefs
and behaviors to be acquired

Furthermore, situated learning is usually

unintentional rather than deliberate. These
ideas are what Lave & Wenger (1991) call
the process of "legitimate peripheral
participation."
Relating theories
Brown, Collins & Duguid (1989) emphasize the
idea of cognitive apprenticeship
“Cognitive apprenticeship supports learning in
a domain by enabling students to acquire,
develop and use cognitive tools in authentic
domain activity. Learning, both outside and
inside school, advances through collaborative
social interaction and the social construction of
knowledge.”
Vygotsky’s notion of learning
through social development
The major theme of Vygotsky's
theoretical framework is that
social interaction plays a
fundamental role in the
development of cognition.
Principle: Knowledge needs to be presented in
an authentic context, i.e., settings and
applications that would normally involve that
knowledge
Advantage: A knowledge or skill can be
acquired instead of learned which is a more
natural way.
Disadvantage: Finding the right context of
some knowledge or skill is challenging.
Examples of implicated situated learning:
Workshops, kitchens, greenhouses and
gardens used as classrooms
Stand-up role playing in the real world
setting, including most military training Field
trips including archaeological digs and
participant-observer studies in an alien
culture
On the job training including apprenticeship
and Cooperative education
Sports practice and music practice and art