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Optical Burst Switching (OBS) : Issues in The Physical Layer: A. E. Willner
Optical Burst Switching (OBS) : Issues in The Physical Layer: A. E. Willner
O-E-O
Burst
Switch
Offset
Time
Generally, .
Offset time between control packet & burst is 1-5 microsecs
Burst ranges in time from 1 microsec to 100 millisecs
Control packet has a lower bit rate than the data payload
Outline
1. DegradationsDuetoPhysicalLayer
Impairments
2. FastMonitoringofaBurst
3. FiberLoopBuffersforOBSEfficiency
SignalDegradationduetoChromaticDispersion
Speed of Light in Vacuum
Photon Velocity (f) =
Index of Refraction(f)
InformationBandwidthofData
0 1 1 0 1 0
Fourier
Vi
Vj
Vk
fcarrier
time
freq.
TemporalSpreadingf(distance,(bitrate)2)(ps/nm)/km
time
Fiber
time
ChromaticDispersionEffectsonPayloadand
ControlPacket
ControlPacket(C.P.),notpayload,isregenerated
ateverynode
C.P.haslowerbitrate(CDeffect(bitrate)2)
Thereishigherchanceforpayloadtobedegraded
t
Payload C.P.
Node
Node
Node
Node
OffsetTimeAffectedbyWavelengthSkew:
UncompensatedSystems(2.5Gbit/sPayload?)
C.P.
t
Payload
30nm
400kmofFiber
(CD=17ps/(nm.km))
Offset
C.P.
t
Skew
Payload
t
Offset
Offsettimechange~1s
Fixed 80 km Compensator
OC-768
4
3
Tunable
Compensator
(500-2100 ps/nm)
2
1
0
Distance (km)
A tunable dispersion compensator allows for a wide
range of transmission distances at 40 Gbit/s.
Polarization state
generally unknown
and wanders
Polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD)
Polarization dependent loss (PDL)
Statistically
varies with time
Random polarization
coupling
Bit-rate and
wavelength
dependent
sideview
EllipticalFiberCore
10
Maxwellian
distribution
tail
Distribution
Probability
10
0.1
20
30
40
50
PMD induces
randomly changing
degradations.
Critical limitation at
10 Gbit/s payload
data rates.
1.5
Temp. (C)
PMD (ps)
Frequency of occurrence
induced by PMD
fluctuation
52 km fiber
>=2.8 ps
18
14
10
0
400
Time (min)
800
PMD temporal changes more rapidly with the fiber length and average DGD
Fiber Nonlinearities
Refractive index depends on frequency and power
Isolation of nonlinear
effects is very difficult
It is also difficult to
monitor and compensate
n(,P)
Chromatic Dispersion Power
50ps Pulse (+)
50ps Pulse (0)
50ps Pulse (-)
-28
410 Gb/s
5
-29
Link Dispersion
0.4 ps/nm/km
4
-30
0.08 ps/nm/km
-0.2 ps/nm/km
-31
3
-32
2
-33
50-ps RZ Pulses
-34
-35
00
500
500
1000
1000
1500
1500
Distance (km)
2000
2000
Dispersion
Variation
~ 4%
EDFA Gain
Deployed EDFA cross saturation causes gain transients
due to:
Time scale of
Channel turn-on
gain saturation
Channel re-routing
Network reconfiguration
and recovery is
Link failures
~ s to ms
EDFA
Input
Channels
Output
Channels
EDFA
Dropped
Channels
10 Gb/s
Simulation Results
Fiber
Nonlinearity
Penalties
15Chsdropped
15Chsadded
16chSystem
Power of the
surviving channel
Power Fluctuations
increases up to 14 dB
erExcursion(dB)
15Chs
Hayee,
15Chs
ThU2
LargeOFC99
penalties
in surviving
Single
Mode
Fiber
dropped
added
QFactor(dB)
TimeResponse
1dBpowerexcursionforsurvivingchannels
10
1.0
Time(s)
7.5
0.75
5.0
0.5
2.5
0.25
0.0
0.0
6
8
#ofEDFAs
10
12
ReciprocalTime(s1)
4channelsdropped
4channelssurvive
Zyskind,OFC96PD31
Outline
1. DegradationsDuetoPhysicalLayer
Impairments
2. FastMonitoringofaBurst
3. FiberLoopBuffersforOBSEfficiency
format
number of
channels
bit rate
power
nonlinearities
polarization
effects
dispersion
MonitoringinOBSSystems
Monitoring includes;
- Power
- Wavelength
- Optical signal-to-noise ratio
- Distortion: CD, PMD, nonlinearities
ImpactofMonitoringonOBSSystems
Need to find the non-catastrophic problems
in OBS systems
- Enable the functionality of error-free
assembly nodes combined with tunable
compensator
- Maintain the accurate offset time
- Locate and measure the distortion of payload
and control packets
- Support protocol-independent WDM transport
- Isolate different degrading effects
Future networks:
f
VSB-U
VSB-L
BW
fU f0
fL
Frequency
40-Gb/s
RZ Data
VSB-L
Entire
channel
0.5
0.0
0
Dispersion
1.0
O/E
VSB-U
50
100
Time (ps)
150
1.5
1.0
Filtered
spectrum
0.5
0.0
0
50
100
Time (ps)
150
B.
RF spectrum
analysis
+ Simple
Affected by other
distortion sources
Sensitivity and
DGD range depends
on monitored
frequency
C.
Degree of
polarization (DOP)
measurement
+ No high speed electronics
+ Depends only on PMD
+ Bit-rate independent
+ Unaffected by other
distortion sources
Pulse-width dependent
Outline
1. DegradationsDuetoPhysicalLayer
Impairments
2. FastMonitoringofaBurst
3. FiberLoopBuffersforOBSEfficiency
Research Goals
(Generously Supported by Intel)
Control Line
Control Unit
Control Packet
Burst
Data Burst
Lines
N
Delay Lines
M
(N+M) x (N+M)
Switch
N+M=8
Optical Fiber
Delay Lines
Buffered
(5,3)
(4,0)
(4,4)
M delay lines)
(7,1)
(6,2)
(5,0)
(6,0)
(7,0)
Bufferless
Buffer Size
# of
input
ports
1st
Buffer
Kbytes
2nd
Buffer
Kbytes
3rd
Buffer
Kbytes
4th
Buffer
Kbytes
5.5
10
5.5
10
5.5
10
10
Load
(5,3) setup gives a higher throughput than a (4,4) and (6,2) setup
Is this scalable to a switch with more number to ports ?
Throughput Efficiency
burst size
Maximum = 10 Kbytes
burst size
Maximum = 14 Kbytes
burst size
Maximum = 20 Kbytes
burst size
Load
(4, 4) Switch
4 Buffers
3 Buffers
2 Buffers
1 Buffer
Bufferless
Load
Throughput Efficiency
Load
Increase in Throughput
Efficiency
Load
Summary
DegradationeffectsincludingCD,PMD,
nonlinearitiesshouldbeaddressedinOBS.
Fastmonitoringcanhelpthelongtermstability
androbustnessofaOBSnetwork.
OpticalbuffersenableenhancedOBS
functionality.