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2.2 Circulation MNR
2.2 Circulation MNR
2.2 Circulation MNR
2 Circulatory system
In unicellular organisms
These exchanges occur directly with the
environment
Invertebrate Circulation
The wide range of invertebrate body size
and form
Is paralleled by a great diversity in circulatory
systems
Gastrovascular Cavities
gaster (Gk): Stomach
Mouth
Radial canal
5 cm
Figure 42.2
Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding ograns
Anterior
vessel
Figure 42.3a
Lateral
vessels
Ostia
Tubular heart
(a) An open circulatory system
Interstitial
fluid
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
Auxiliary hearts
Figure 42.3b
Ventral vessels
Closed systems
Are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to
tissues and cells
Veins
Return blood from capillaries to the heart
AMPHIBIANS
Lung capillaries
Lung capillaries
FISHES
Gill capillaries
Pulmocutaneous
circuit
Artery
Gill
circulation
Heart:
ventricle (V)
A
Atrium (A)
Systemic
Vein circulation
Systemic capillaries
Right
systemic
aorta
Pulmonary
circuit
V
Right
V
Left
Right
Systemic
circuit
Systemic capillaries
Figure 42.4
Pulmonary
circuit
Left
Systemic
V aorta
Left
A
Systemic capillaries
A
V
Right
A
V
Left
Systemic
circuit
Systemic capillaries
Vein
Basement
membrane
Endothelium
100 m
Valve
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Endothelium
Capillary
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Artery
Vein
Venule
Figure 42.9
Arteriole
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
Figure 42.10
Systolic
pressure
Veins
Venules
Venae cavae
Figure 42.11
Arterioles
Diastolic
pressure
Capillaries
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Arteries
Velocity (cm/sec)
50
40
30
20
10
0
Aorta
Area (cm2)
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure
Is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall
of a vessel
Systolic pressure
Is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
Is the highest pressure in the arteries
Diastolic pressure
Is the pressure in the arteries during diastole
Is lower than systolic pressure
Blood pressure
Can be easily measured in humans
1 A typical blood pressure reading for a 20-year-old
is 120/70. The units for these numbers are mm of
mercury (Hg); a blood pressure of 120 is a force that
can support a column of mercury 120 mm high.
Rubber cuff
inflated
with air
120
Pressure
in cuff
below 120
Pressure
in cuff
below 70
120
70
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
Artery
closed
2 A sphygmomanometer, an inflatable cuff attached to a
pressure gauge, measures blood pressure in an artery.
The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated
until the pressure closes the artery, so that no blood
flows past the cuff. When this occurs, the pressure
exerted by the cuff exceeds the pressure in the artery.
Figure 42.12
Sounds
stop
Capillary Function
Capillaries in major organs are usually filled to
capacity
But in many other sites, the blood supply varies
Two mechanisms
Regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds
In one mechanism
Contraction of the smooth muscle layer in the wall
of an arteriole constricts the vessel
In a second mechanism
Precapillary sphincters control the flow of
blood between arterioles and venules
Precapillary sphincters
Thoroughfare
channel
Arteriole
Venule
Capillaries
Arteriole
Venule
Figure 42.13 ac
20 m
Tissue cell
Capillary
Capillary
Red
blood
cell
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
Net fluid
movement out
Net fluid
movement in
15 m
Direction of
blood flow
Pressure
Outward flow
Figure 42.14
Venule end
Plasma
Blood plasma is about 90% water
Among its many solutes are
Inorganic salts in the form of dissolved ions,
sometimes referred to as electrolytes
Major functions
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Osmotic balance
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
Separated
blood
elements
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Clotting
Defense
Figure 42.15
Cellular Elements
Suspended in blood plasma are two classes
of cells
Red blood cells, which transport oxygen
White blood cells, which function in defense
Separated
blood
elements
Number
per L (mm3) of blood
Functions
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
56 million
Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
5,00010,000
Defense and
immunity
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Platelets
Figure 42.15
Monocyte
250,000
400,000
Blood clotting