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Basics Communication Theory & Antenna Theory
Basics Communication Theory & Antenna Theory
&
Antenna theory
Rajesh Suwalka
Engineer (WMTDC)
WHY Modulation
AM & FM
FM
AM
Bandwidth Calculation
AM
FM
Modulation Index =
frequency deviation /
Modulating Signal
frequency
Percentage modulation
= frequency deviation
actual / frequency
deviation max
Carson formula for BW
of FM
GSM
CDMA
Based on TDMA
Based on CDMA
CDMA required a bit more processing
power. It's a "code division" system.
Every call's data is encoded with a
unique key, then the calls are all
transmitted at once; if you have calls
1, 2, and 3 in a channel, the channel
would just say 66666666. The
receivers each have the unique key to
"divide" the combined signal into its
individual calls.
Code division turned out to be a more
powerful and flexible technology, so
"3G GSM" is actually a CDMA
technology, called WCDMA (wideband
CDMA) or UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telephone System).
Sub-systems of GSM
I.
II.
III.
Below all three systems are defined in details with sub systems of each system.
The Switching System The Switching system is very operative system in which many crucial
operations are conducted, SS systems holds five databases with in it which performs different
functions. If we talk about major tasks of SS system it performs call processing and
subscriber related functions. These five databases from SS systems are HLR, MSC, VLR, AUC
and EIR. Lets study each database in detail and learn what functions this little systems
performs.
Sub-systems of GSM
AUC-Authentication Center:
AUC is small unit which handles the security end of the system. Its major task is to authenticate and
encrypt those parameters which verify users identification and hence enables the confidentiality of
each call made by subscriber. Authentication center AUC makes sure mobile operators are safe
from different frauds most likely to happen when hackers are looking for even smallest loop wholes
in systems.
Sub-systems of GSM
The Base Station System (BSS) The base station system have very important role in
mobile communication. BSS are basically out door units which consist of iron rods and
are usually of high length. BSS are responsible for connecting subscribers (MS) to
mobile networks. All the communication is made in Radio transmission. The Base
station System is further divided in two systems. These two systems, they are BSC,
and BTS. Lets study these two systems in detail.
Sub-systems of GSM
In CDMA a locally generated code runs at a much higher rate than the data to be
transmitted. Data for transmission is combined via bitwiseXOR(exclusive OR) with the
faster code. The figure shows how a spread spectrum signal is generated. The data signal
with pulse duration of (symbol period) is XORed with the code signal with pulse duration
of (chip period).
Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the
codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems.
The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the signal of a
desired user and the signals of other users.
Handoff/Handover
Handoff or Handover is the term most popular in cellular communication. It refers to transfer of
mobile connection from one resource to another without disconnecting the voice or data call and
falls in following categories. This happens when mobile device is moving at vehicular speed and
using wireless cellular connection for voice/data call.
There are two main types soft handoff and hard handoff based on connection with the target
resource.
Hard handoff - break before make, in this type connection with the source channel/BTS/BSC is
first broken before making connection with target channel/BTS/BSC.
soft handoff - make before break, in this type connection with the source channel/BTS/BSC is
retained for sometime before connection with the target channel/BTS/BSC is established. In this
type user of cellular network will not experience any glitch and will continue to receive better
service.
Antenna Principles
Radiation Resistance
Antenna Pattern
Directivity and
Gain
Bandwidth
Signal-To-Noise
Ratio
Rrad
Prad
2
I
Antenna Principles
Antenna Gain: The parameter that measures the degree of directivity of antennas radial pattern is
known as gain. An antenna with a higher gain is more effective in its radiation pattern. Antennas
are designed in such a way that power raises in wanted direction and decreases in unwanted
directions.
G = (power radiated by an antenna)/(power radiated by reference antenna)
Aperture: This aperture is also known as the effective aperture of the antenna that actively
participate in transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves. The power received by the
antenna gets associated with collective area. This collected area of an antenna is known as
effective aperture.
Directivity and Bandwidth: The directive of an antenna is defined as the measure of concentrated
power radiation in a particular direction. It may be considered as the capability of an antenna to
direct radiated power in a given direction. It can also be noted as the ratio of the radiation intensity
in a given direction to the average radiation intensity. Bandwidth is one of the desired parameters
to choose an antenna. It can be defined as the range of frequencies over which an antenna can
properly radiates energy and receives energy.
Polarization: An electromagnetic wave launched from an antenna may be polarized vertically and
horizontally. If the wave gets polarized in the vertical direction, then the E vector is vertical and it
requires a vertical antenna. If vector E is in horizontal way, it needs a horizontal antenna to launch
it. Sometimes, circular polarization is used, it is a combination of both horizontal and vertical ways.
Antenna Principles
Types of Antennas
Microwave Antennas
Rectangular Micro strip Antennas
Planar Inverted-F Antennas
Reflector Antennas
Corner Reflector
Parabolic Reflector
electric field
ellipse called
Wire Antennas
Short Dipole Antenna
Dipole Antenna
Monopole Antenna
Loop Antenna
Antenna Types
Wave Dipole
E:
H:
Wave Monopole
E:
H:
Antenna Types
Loop Antennas
Microstrip Antennas
Antenna Types
Horn Antennas
Helical
Antennas
Antenna Applications
VHF and UHF Antennas
Transmitting Tower
UHF/VHF/FM
Receiving Antenna