Understanding Microorganisms

Subject 8

SMALLPOX
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 Virus

What is Virus?

3 Classes of Viruses
Virus
Nucleic acid + Protein

T4 virus
(
)

Host cells
3 Classes
Bacterial virus
Animal virus
Plant virus

influenza
virus

Bacterial virus

Bacterial virus

T4 virus is injecting DNA into microbial

cell.

Bacterial virus

Bacterial virus multiplies

in bacterial cells.

Animal DNA virus

Smallpox

Animal RNA virus

Influenza

SARS

HIV

 Smallpox

Smallpox was a disastrous disease

What is Smallpox?
, Smallpox (= Variola)

, , ,

Highly contagious All neighbors are infected

Exterminated in 1980 (WHO)

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Smallpox was a disastrous disease

Symptoms
Main symptom
High fever
Rash

Incubation period : 2 wee

ks
Lethality 30%
No cure
Pock-mark

A pock-marked
face

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Smallpox was a disastrous disease

Variola Virus

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Smallpox was a disastrous disease

Variola Virus
Major virus
Severe
Significant morbidity

Common smallpox

Minor virus
Not severe
Death rate 1%
Electron micrograph of
smallpox virus
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Smallpox was a disastrous disease

History of Smallpox

In 1157 B.C., Ramses the fift

h,
Pharaoh of Egypt died.
Antoninus, an emperor of Ro
me died.
(2,000 people died per day.)
In 16C, 3.5 million Aztecs die
d.
In 1951, during Korean war
40,000 Koreans were infecte
d per year.

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 Beginning of Smallpox vaccination

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Smallpox vaccine was developed

Jenner & Cowpox

Edward Jenner
1742-1823
A doctor of Gloucestershi
re in England
Develops vaccination
Cowpox virus
gives immunity to smallp
ox
Edward Jenner
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Smallpox vaccine was developed

Cowpox
Similar to smallpox
Milkmaids & farm workers
infected
Mild symptom
No contraction of smallpox
Vaccinia virus

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Smallpox vaccine was developed

Vaccinia Virus

causes Cowpox
The origin of the termVaccin
e
Similar to Variola
Raw material of
smallpox vaccine

An electron micrograph of
vaccinia virus
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Smallpox vaccine was developed

Jenners Immunization

In 1796, Edward Jenner vaccinated a boy with

cowpox virus to protect against smallpox
infection.

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 Development of Vaccine

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Everyone understood what vaccine is

Chicken cholera Bacteria

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Everyone understood what vaccine is

Chicken cholera Bacteria

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Everyone understood what vaccine is

Trainable Immune Cells

Innate Immunity
Immunity

Phagocytes

Adaptiv

Lymphocytes

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Everyone understood what vaccine is

Tuberculin Test

Mycobacterium
tuberculosis

Tuberculin : Antigen
protein
A red swollen area typifies
immunity.
Rapid & strong memory
response

Tuberculin reaction
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Everyone understood what vaccine is

Whole Cell Vaccine

Inactivat
ed
Vaccine
(Killed)

Poultry Inactivated vaccine

Attenuat
ed
Vaccine
(avirulen
t)

Attenuated Vaccine
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Everyone understood what vaccine is

Vaccination of Children

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 Human Victory against Smallpox

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Global program has been carried out

Eradication Army

In 1958, Global Smallpox

Eradication Program proposed
WHO

World Health Organization

smallpox eradication army
Intravenous gun
Ped-O-Jet
Thousands can be injected
(per day)

African smallpox eradication

program
in 1960s

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Global program has been carried out

Weakness of Varioa

IMPORTANT !!!

1. Humans (only host)

2. Obvious clinical features
(No asymptomatic carriers)
3. Infectivity : 4 weeks
(must find new host in 3 weeks)
RING vaccination
Vaccination of all susceptible individuals (neighbors)
Waiting for 3 weeks
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Global program has been carried out

The End of Variola

Major Variola
in 1975
Volar island in Bangladesh
Major virus is eradicated.

2-year old Rahima Banu of

Bangladesh (pictured) was the last
person infected with naturally
occurring Variola major, in 1975
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Global program has been carried out

The End of Variola

Minor Variola
in 1977
Somalia in Africa
A cooker
The last infection

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Global program has been carried out

Decrease of Smallpox
Number of
countries with
one or more
cases
per month

Year

In 1980, WHO declared that smallpox was eradicated

officially.

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Global program has been carried out

Eradication Record

Smallpox Eradication
In 1958, Global Smallpox
Eradication Program propos
ed.
In 1977, (after 22 year)
the last case
In 1980, WHO declared smal
lpox eradication officially.

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 Threats of Smallpox Bioterror

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Variola virus can be synthesized in future

Virus Safekeeping

2 researchers died by smallpox viru

s spill in England in 1978.
Safekeeping of smallpox virus
Institute of Virus & Biotechnolo
gy in Kolchovo in Russia
CDC in Atlanta in USA

Center for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC)
CDC website
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Variola virus can be synthesized in future

Vaccinia Vaccine
No more use of vaccinia vaccine
Side effect rate = 3/1,000,000
Lethality 40%

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Variola virus can be synthesized in future

Genome of Variola Virus

In 1991, Genome sequenced

Variola virus of Bangladesh girl
Mouse gene found
Mouse is a past host!
Ancient rodent in Nile river

Genome of Variola

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Variola virus can be synthesized in future

Genomes
Human
ds DNA
3 trillion base
30 thousand genes
Smallpox virus
ds DNA
186,103 base
187 genes
HIV virus
RNA
10 thousand base
10 genes
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Variola virus can be synthesized in future

Symptoms of Polio

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Variola virus can be synthesized in future

Artificial synthesis of Virus

Poliovirus
the smallest virus
7,741 base
7 genes
Using genome sequence
data, Poliovirus was
synthesized.
Synthesis process
DNA synthesis (genome
data)

Injection of synthesized
DNA into Animal cell
culture

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Variola virus can be synthesized in future

DNA Synthesizer

DNA

DNA synthesizer can synthesize DNA.

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Variola virus can be synthesized in future

Virus Genome Sequence

Virus genome data can

be accessed easily on th
e Internet
WWW.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Smallpox virus

Ebola virus

SARS virus

NCBI website
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Polio Virus Genome

(7,741bp)

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Thank you !!

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