APA Referencing

Documenting sources
within the text

Learning outcomes
By the end of this lesson students
should be able to:
Define

plagiarism and avoid

plagiarising
Quote appropriately

What is Plagiarism?

Using another persons words,

images
or
ideas
without
acknowledgement of that person as
your source.

When you acknowledge the person

and your version is similar.

What is Plagiarism?
When

you quote, paraphrase or

summarise another persons work,
you must show the source of the
idea by putting certain information in
parenthesis immediately after the
material used.

Why is Plagiarism a serious offence in universities?

It is regarded as
stealing another It can lead to failing
persons ideas exams and being
and words.
expelled from the
university.

How can you avoid Plagiarism?

Give

credit when you take words,

images and ideas from books,
magazines, Web pages, statistics
etc.

2 ways of giving acknowledgement:

1. Direct method i.e. quotation

2. Indirect method by summarizing
and
paraphrasing

Direct method
Copying

word-for-word from a published

text, transcript etc.

Do not change words or sentence

structure from the original or this is no
longer a direct quote.

Statistics are good supporting details for

opinions. Like quotations their source
must also be cited.

Ways of quoting
For a short quotation of less than 40
words, use a brief phrase as an
introduction to the quotation e.g.
Pennycook (1996,p.288) claims all
language learning is to some extent
a process of borrowing others
words.

Longer quotations stand alone in the text e.g.

In an article on plagiarism, Pennycook

cautioned
All language learning is to some extent
a process of borrowing others words
and we need to be flexible, not
dogmatic, about where we draw
boundaries between acceptable and
unacceptable
textual
borrowings(1996:227).

Documenting sources within

the text
What?
The practice of citing original sources of
information
When?
Direct quotations and paraphrased
information from another source, except
dictionaries and encyclopedias
Why?
Readers can find the original source
Writer not responsible for all information
Plagiarism is avoided

There are a number of methods

APA

or American Psychological
Association
Number reference system (IEEE)
Are frequently used in natural science,
social science and technical fields.
The conventions of the APA system
are:

Convention 1
When authors name begins a sentence,
place the date of the work in parentheses
immediately
after
the
documented
information e.g.
As Neville (2007) emphasizes, you should
cite all sources and present full details of
these in your list of references (p.36).
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York

Convention 2
When

an author is not referred to

directly in a sentence, place both the
authors last name and the year of
publication, separated by a comma, in
parentheses e.g.

References list full details of all sources

used (Neville,2007).
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York

Convention 3
When citing two or more authors within an
in-text citation, use an ampersand in the
parentheses e.g. (Burns & Sinfield,2002)
However, when mentioning the authors in
the text, use the word and e.g.
Burns and Seinfeld (2002) argue
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York

Convention 4
When citing two or more authors within
the text, use the full list of names the
first time e.g.
(White, Green, Brown, Grey, Black &
Pink, 2008)
Subsequently, use (White, et al.2008)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York

Convention 5
When the same author and text is
referred to more than once in a
single paragraph, there is no need to
give the date for the second
reference.

Convention 6
When a direct quotation is used, give
the year and page/s numbers
immediately after the quotation

Convention 7
Two works by the same author published in the same
year are differentiated by a,b,c and cross-referenced
accordingly
e.g. In-text
(Carroll, 2007a)
References:
Carroll, J. (2007a) A handbook for deterring plagiarism
in higher education. Oxford Centre for Staff and
Learning Development: Oxford Brookes University
Carroll, J.
(2007b) .
Adapted from : Wiggins, C . (2009) The University of York

Convention 8
Two works by the same author
published in different years require
the year of publication for both
works e.g.
Carroll (2005, 2007) maintains.

Convention 9
When pulling together several sources to
support your argument, use one in-text
citation. List the names alphabetically as
they appear in the bibliography e.g.
As widely stated in the literature.
(Carroll,2002; Mallon, 1991;Neville,2007)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C . (2009) The University of York

Convention 10
When two authors have the same
family name include initials to avoid
confusion e.g.
Hyland,K. (2008) and Hyland,F.
(2007) reported

Various studies were conducted on

the
effectiveness
of
written
feedback (Hyland, K.,2008; Hyland,
F., 2007).

Convention 11
When there is an omission in a direct
quotation use an ellipsis (three spaced
periods) e.g.
Williams (2008) asks Is Persaud a
narcissist, in other words, or a man so
plagued by self-doubt that he doesnt obey
the rules of academia?He claims to have
been so busy he became confused (p.37).
Adapted from : Wiggins, C. (2009) The University of York

Convention 12
When there is an omission in a direct
quotation at the end of the sentence, use four
periods to close the quotation e.g.
Williams (2008) asks Is Persaud a narcissist,
in other words, or a man so plagued by selfdoubt ?....(p.37)

Adapted from : Wiggins, C . (2009) The University of York

When the researchers ideas are

considered important:
The researchers name/s take subject
position e.g.
Pennycooks (1996) interviews with
students at the University of Hong
Kong revealed plagiarism was
usually due to carelessness rather
than intention to deceive.

When the research is considered

important:
The paraphrased information takes
subject position e.g.
Plagiarism is regarded as dishonest
conduct which is incompatible with
the ideals of academic integrity
(University of Maryland, 1996).

Numbered Reference
System

Organized in two ways:

1. List the items alphabetically by
last name of author.
2. List the items in the order they
are cited in the text.

29

Conventions of the numbered

reference system:

Page numbers are included in the

parentheses, separate from the reference
number by a colon.

Sentences may begin with Reference 6

states. However, for readability,
rewrite as often as possible to include the
reference later in the sentence.
30

Example
An intelligent tutor is a form of
interactive instructional material that
trains a student in how to perform a
procedural task, and that tailors itself
to the students progress, Koedinger et
al. [5]. Intelligent tutors had proven
effective in teaching about humanities
[6], science [7], Math [8], Software
Engineering [9] and introductory
programming concepts, such as loops

A question to end the

lecture
Why

is it necessary to
provide in-text citations?

This is the final slide for

today

Thank you for your kind

attention