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Optical Fiber Cable
Optical Fiber Cable
Optical Fibers are thin long (km) strands of ultra pure glass (silica) or
plastic that can to transmit light from one end to another without much
attenuation or loss.
Fiber optic cable functions as a "light guide," guiding the light introduced at
one end of the cable through to the other end. The light source can either be
a light-emitting diode (LED)) or a laser.
The light source is pulsed on and off, and a light-sensitive receiver on the
other end of the cable converts the pulses back into the digital ones and
zeros of the original signal.
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Single-mode Fiber
core diameter = 8 12 m
cladding diameter = 125 m
SINGLE-MODE FIBER has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and the
index of refraction between the core and the cladding changes less than it
does for multimode fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the axis, creating little
pulse dispersion. Telephone and cable television networks install millions of
kilometers of this fiber every year.
Downlead clamps
They are used to fix the cable to the
tower in the down lead to the joint
box.
Suspension assembly
Assembly with reinforced suspension
clamp and neoprene inner covering,
especially designed for OPGW
cables. Includes grounding clamps for
tower connection.
Stockbridge Damper
The dampers are used to absorb the
cable vibrations.
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Submarine
Communication
Cable
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s ubmarine cables
SEA-ME-WE 1
SEA-ME-WE 2
Jun-1985
Commissioned
in
Capacity/Length
No. of Owners
Total Investment
Technology
SEA-ME-WE 3
SEA-ME-WE 4
Aug-1999
Oct-1994
Nov-2005
(Decommissioned
(Decommissioned
June 1999)
October 2006)
12MHz
2x560Mbps
8x2.5Gbps
64x2x10Gbps
13,500km
18,000km
39,000km
20,000km
22
52
92
16
USD800M
USD800M
USD1500M
USD500M
PDH/Optical
SDH/WDM/Optic
al
SDH/DWDM/Opti
cal
Analog/Copper
Decommissioning reason: This cable destroyed after one month of operation due to the
excessive voltage applies to the cable in order to achieve faster telegraph operation
Two fibre pairs are used with each pair able to carry 64 carriers at 10 Gbit/s
each. This enables terabit per second speeds along the SEA-WE-ME 4 cable with
a total capacity of 1.28 Tbit/s.
Splicing
Splices are "permanent" connections
between two fibers.
Splicing is only needed if the cable
runs are too long for one straight pull
or you need to mix a number of
different types of cables (like bringing
a 48 fiber cable in and splicing it to
six 8 fiber cables).
Video shows the steps for Splicing:
1. Physical Preparation
2. Stripping, Cleaving and cleaning
the fiber with Iso propyl Alcohol.
3. Splicing the fiber.
4. Heating the Splice with Sleeve.
5. Routing the spliced fiber in Joint
Closure
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Types Of Splices
There are two types of splices:
1.Fusion Splices are made by "welding" the two fibers together
usually by an electric arc.
2.Mechanical Splices are alignment gadgets that hold the
ends of two fibers together with some index matching gel or
glue between them.
The tools to make mechanical splices are cheap, but the splices
themselves are expensive.
Which Splice?
If cost is the issue, we've given you the clues to make a choice:
fusion is expensive equipment and cheap splices, while
mechanical is cheap equipment and expensive splices.
So if you make a lot of splices (like thousands in an big telco or
CATV network) use fusion splices. If you need just a few, use
mechanical splices.
Fusion splices give very low back reflections and are preferred
for singlemode high speed digital or CATV networks. However,
they don't work too well on multimode splices, so mechanical
splices are preferred for MM, unless it is an underwater or aerial
application, where the greater reliability of the fusion splice is
preferred.
Connectors
The connector is a mechanical device mounted on the end of a fiber-optic
cable, light source, receiver, or housing. The connector allows the fiber-optic
cable, light source, receiver, or housing to be mated to a similar device. The
connector must direct light and collect light and must be easily attached and
detached from equipment.
Types Of Connectors
MM fiber is only used for the low data rates and short
distance communication typically 100 meter to 1 Km
Attenuation vs Wavelength
100
First
Window
Attenuation
(dB/km)
50
Early 1970s
20
10
Second
Window
5.0
2.0
1.0
1980s
Third
Window
0.5
0.2
0.1
600 800 1000
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1400
1200
Wavelength (nm)
1600 1800
Spectrum broadening
Difference in group velocity
Wavelength
Pulse broadening
(Waveform distortion)
Transmitter output
Original signal
1 0 1
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Time
Group velocity
Time
Optical fiber
Receiver input
Time
Regenerated signal
Wavelength
Time
Refractive
index
change
Frequency
chirp
Spectrum
broadening
Waveform distortion
due to chromatic
dispersion
Optical fiber
Low optical
power
High optical
power
Received waveform
Transmitter out
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Longer wavelength
Slow (Fast)
Longer wavelength
Fast (Slow)
Shorter wavelength
Fast (Slow)
Shorter wavelength
Slow (Fast)
Transmitter output
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Practical
Ideal
Fast axis
Core
Slow axis
1st-order PMD
Fast
Slow
40Gb/s waveforms
Before PMD comp.
PMD
comp.
device #1
PMD
comp.
device #2
PMD
comp.
device #3
Control
algorithm
O/E
module
Distortion
analyzer
Multi mode
.4db per km at
1550 nm
SPLICING MACHINE
In fusion splicing a machine is used to
precisely align the two fiber ends then
the glass ends are "fused" or "welded"
together using some type of heat or
electric arc. This produces a
continuous connection between the
fibers enabling very low loss light
transmission. (Typical loss: 0.1 dB)
ATTENUATOR
An attenuator is an electronic
device that reduces
the amplitude or power of
a signal without
appreciably distorting its waveform.
LASER SOURCE
POWER METER
TOOL KIT
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Basic Planning
Parameters
o
o
o
o
Trenching
Specifications for Excavation of Trenches
o Standard depth will be measured from lower side of natural ground level
o
o
o
o
o
o
Duct Laying
o Ducts will be laid in a flat bottom trench, free from stones, and sharp edged
debris.
o The duct would be placed in trench as straight as possible. However, at bends
horizontal and vertical minimum bending radius for duct of 1300 mm would be
maintained.
o Ducts will be laid preferably using specially designed dispensers.
o Ducts shall be free from twist and collapsed portions.
o Ends of ducts will always be closed with END PLUGS to avoid ingress of mud,
water or dust.
o Prior to aligning the ducts for jointing, each length of the HDPE duct will be
thoroughly cleaned to remove all sand, dust or any other debris that may clog,
disturb or damage the optical fiber cable when it is pulled or blown at a later stage.
o The ducts will be joined with couplers using duct cutter & other tools and will be
tightened and secured properly.
o The duct joint will be practically airtight to ensure smooth cable blowing using
cable blowing machines.
Back Filling
o Trench will be initially filled with sieved soil or sand in rocky terrain for
about 10 cm which will act as a cushion / padding and then duct is placed
gently over it.
o After that another layer of 10 cm of fine sieved soil or sand is poured and
then entire trench is backfilled with excavated material.
o Under normal soil conditions duct is directly laid in trench and backfilled.
o Adequate dry compaction will be done before crowning.
Crowning
o When backfilling has been done up to ground level a hump of soil is made
to cater for soil settlement.
o Entire excavated soil will be used for back filling.
o Crowning will be confined to width of trench only.
Grounding
o The armoured layer of the fiber is cut down to provide grounding to the
complete cable path as well as to provide protection from lightining.
o The cut is made after every 200 metres.
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Connectors
FMS
SJC
Fiber Pigtail
TJC
BJC
Thanks
-National Transmission team
Paras & Ankush