3G Training

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Terminologies
3G Introduction and overview
3G Structure and Process
3G Power Control
3G Mobility Management
3G Call Process Management
3G Radio Interface Channel
3G Handover
3G Optimization Concept

Terminologies

Symbol Explanation - 1

Symbol Explanation - 2

Symbol Explanation - 3

Symbol Explanation - 4

Symbol Explanation - 5

Symbol Explanation - 6

RTWP

RTWP can be caused by bad weather,

feeder broken, port feeder broken

Symbol Explanation - 7

Time Propagation (TP)

TP use for checking overshoot sites
1 unit TP equals to 234m in distance

3G Introduction and
Overview

Reason For developing

3G
Increase Capacity
Development Rate of mobile comm
Demands on Multimedia

Difference between WCDMA and

WCDMA
GS
GSM
Adopts cellular network
structure
M

Realize 11 frequency reuse

and frequency planning to guarantee

intra/inter-frequency interference

soft for it is related to environment

The capacity per WCDMA cell is

and neighbor cell interference.

from carriers and timeslots if the

interference meets the requirements.

different speed rate and QoS, and

Users supported can be calculated

Provides voice service

Supports multiple services with

each service has different coverage

range.

WCDMA STANDARD EVOLUTION

Multiple Access Technology and

Duplex Technology
CDMA
Power
Ti
m
e

TDMA
Power
Tim
e

FDMA
Power

Us
e
Tim
e

Us
e
U
Us ser r
Us er
Us er
er
r

y
nc
e
u
eq
r
F

e
Fr

y
nc
e
qu

e
Fr

y
nc
e
qu

Traffic
channels:
different
users
are
assigned unique code
and transmitted over
the same frequency
band,
for
example,
WCDMA and CDMA2000

Traffic channels: different time

slots are allocated to different
users, for example

Traffic channels: different frequency

bands are allocated to different
users
Page 17

3G Soft Capacity
Capacity
Coverage
QoS

(they will give affect to each other)

3G Capacity

QoS Type

Re

It is necessary to maintain the time relationship

Voice service,

Conversation

between the information entities in the stream.

videophone

al

Small time delay tolerance, requiring data rate

al-

symmetry

tim

Typically unidirectional services, high

Streaming

requirements on error tolerance, high

multimedia

requirements on data rate

cat
eg

Streaming

ory

No
n
rea
ltim
e

Interactive

Request-response mode, data integrity must be

Web page

maintained. High requirements on error

browse,

tolerance, low requirements on time delay

network game

tolerance
Data integrity should be maintained. Small delay

Background

restriction, requiring correct transmission

download of
Page 20

Email

3G Structure and
Process

UMTS Network
UTRAN

UE

CN

Uu

Iu
Iu-CS

RNC
Iub
Iu-BC

CS Service to
MSC

NodeB
b
Iu

Iu-PS

Iur
PS Service to
SGSN=>GGSN

NodeB

Iub

NodeB

RNC

Page 22

3G processing Data
transmit

Source Coding
Channel Coding
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
Transmit

Source coding

Increase Tx Efficiency
Analog to Digital Converter
Performed in UE
PS no need source coding. Why?

channel coding

Make Tx More Reliable by put more

redundant bits
Use for overcoming
Interference/Fading
Use Interleaving for serious fading

spreading

Increase the Capability to Overcome

Interference

scrambling

Make Tx more secure!

modulation

Digital to signal converter

is wave-length
Wave-length affecting antenna dimension
The more high freq (f), antenna dimension
will be smaller

The Whole Process

3G Power Control

the Basic Idea of Power Control

(PC)
Too
Weak!

Louder Plz!
Still
Weak!
!

Louder Plz!

Good!

Why power control

Tx power cannot be set to be as high as possible.

It will waste the power and Will cause extra
interference to other users.

In WCDMA system, Each user is an interference

source to other users. So, each users Tx power
should be minimized.

So, the main purpose of Power Control is to adjust

users Tx power to be just enough (adaptive
following radio propagation environment)

UL power control Type

3G Mobility
Management

Mobility Management

Idle mode
UTRAN doesnt know anything about UE but
CORE knows LAC/RAC of UE
No RRC Connection
Still receive Paging (PCH)
Process

PLMN Selection Reselection

Cell Selection Reselection
Location Area registration

Working state/Dedicated
Mode

Cell_DCH (200 mA 300 mA)

RRC Connection active

UTRAN allocated Dedicated Channel
Use on CS PS service with High data Rate (Traffic volume is high)
Paging only sent to this cell

Cell_FACH (100 mA 150 mA)

RRC Connection active
UTRAN allocated Common Channel
Use for signalling with PS service (Low data Rate, Traffic volume is not too high)

Cell_PCH
RRC Connection active
UE connected but no data transmit
UE only monitor PICH

URA_PCH

URA = UTRAN Registration Area

Change state from Cell_PCH to Cell_FACH (cell update) that happens too fast
URA defined from several different of NodeBs.
There is a threshold timer to decide the state changes from Cell_PCH to Cell_FACH
(if cell_PCH happens for x time, then change to URA_PCH)
Why have to change to URA_PCH? because too many changes from Cell_PCH to Cell
_FACH are not good for system capacity

3G Call Process
Management

RRC Connection

RAB Release will trigger Iu Release

3G radio interface
channel

Major Channel

Logical Channel
Control Channel
Service Channel (Traffic)

Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel
Common Channel

Physical Channel
UL/DL Physical Channel
Dedicated carrier phase
code (OVSF, SC)

Channel example - 1

Channel example - 2

Physical channel

UL Physical channel

DL Physical channel

3G radio interface
protocol

Interface protocol

Umts protocol

Umts protocol type

RNL Application protocol

3G Handover

Handover

Intra-Frequency (SHO)
Soft HO
Softer HO
Hard HO

Inter-Frequency (IFHO)
Inter-RAT Frequency (IRATHO/ISHO)

3G to DCS
3G to GSM

Soft Handover
(Connection before
Disconnection)
NodeB1

RNC

NodeB2

Softer Handover (A
Special Case of Soft
Handover) Node B
Cell
A

Cell B

RNC

Hard Handover(Disconnection before

Connection)
NodeB1

RNC

NodeB2

Intra-Frequency
Measurement Events

Intra-frequency measurement events are

identified through 1X. They include:

1A: A primary pilot channel enters the reporting range. Means a

monitored cell is good enough that the UE can add it into
active set.

1B A primary pilot channel leaves the reporting range. Means

a cell in the active set is not good enough according to
the best cell.

1C: Substitution event. A primary pilot channel in an monitor set

is better than that in the active set.

1D: Event of changing the best serving cell.

1F: Event that measurement results of the cells in the active set
are lower than the absolute threshold.

3G Optimization
Concept

RF Optimization Target

To optimize coverage

To minimize pilot pollution

To optimize cell dominance

To optimize neighbor cell list

To resolve RF-related drop

calls

RF Optimization Procedure
Drive
Drive test
test
Identify
Identify RF
RF issues
issues
Identify
Identify
Determine
Identify candidate
candidate
Identify nature
nature of
of
Determine amount
amount
cells
required
cells for
for changes
changes
required changes
changes of
of changes
changes
Implement
Implement changes
changes
Repeat
Repeat drive
drive test
test
N

Problem
Problem resolved?
resolved?
Y
Finished
Finished

Optimization Principle

Antenna

Antenna Pattern
Symmetric half-wave dipole Pattern
side

Top view

view

omni antenna pattern

directional antenna
pattern

Gain

The radiation ability of certain antenna overtop

dipole or isotropic
Indicates the antenna feature of electromagnetic
radiation in specific directions
Unit: dBi/dBd
l/2

antenna
Direction antenna

dB/dBm?
theory source

dBi =dBd+2.15

dBd
dBi

Forward to Back Ratio

The ratio of main lobe signal strength to
back lobe
This value is within 1845dB. In urban, it
is suggested to use the antenna with high
F/B ratio

Beam Angle

HPBW: Half Power Beam Width

Lobe angle between two points, the power of
which reduce to the half of that of the maximum
radiate direction
Vertical HPBW and Horizontal HPBW
Peak - 3dB
15 (eg)

Peak

- 3dB
60 (eg)

Peak - 3dB

Vertical section

Peak
- 3dB

Horizontal section

Down tilt
To control coverage
Realization: Electrical and Mechanical

Down tilt
Mechanical

Electrical

Effect of Electrical Down tilt

No Down tilt

Electron Down tilt

Effect of Mechanical Down tilt

No Down tilt

Mechanism Down tilt

Effect of different methods

10(E)

6(E)+ 4(M)

10(M)

Principle for Downtilt Mode

Selection

parison between Mechanical Downtilt and Electrical Downtilt

CPICH Coverage Optimization

CPICH coverage
analysis:
Poor coverage cells

Over shooting cells

UL & DL coverage

Ways to optimize:
(1)Adjust ant. azimuth or
tilt;
(2)Increase ant. height;
(3)Replace high-gain
antenna;
(4)Add new cells;
Ways to optimize:
(1)Adjust ant. azimuth or
tilt;
(2)Decrease ant. height;
(3)Adjust CPICH power

imbalance
Ways to optimize:
(1)UL or DL coverage
limited?
(2)Optimize UL or DL
interference

Poor Coverage: Example

Cell Dominance Optimization

Cell dominance
analysis:
Cells with no dominance at all

To indicate the site not radiating

or to indicate antennas blocking

Site visit
needed

Cells with excessive or poor

dominance

Due to non-optimum antenna tilts

or due to a high site

(1) Frequent soft HO

(2) Interference to
adjacent cells

Areas of non-dominance

Due to no a single clear dominant cell

Poor Cell Dominance: Example

RF Analysis Approaches CPICH Coverage

Check areas of poor coverage,

suggestion value as below:
Good: RSCP -85 dBm
Fair: -95 dBm RSCP < -85 dBm
Poor: RSCP < - 95 dBm

Examine the RSCP coverage on per cell

bases in order to highlight any cells that
have too large a footprint.

RF Analysis Approaches
Interference

CPICH Ec/Io Plot

Good: Ec/Io -8 dB
Fair: -14 dB Ec/Io < -8 dB
Poor: Ec/Io < - 14 dB

The -8 dB threshold takes into account the expected future

interference
increase as a result of increased traffic.

RF Analysis Approaches
Interference

Whats
the
problem?

Because
Becausethe
theRSCP
RSCPLevel
LevelisisPOOR,
POOR,
the
thefundamental
fundamentalcause
causeof
of low
low
Ec/Io
Ec/Ioisis
POOR
POORCOVERAGE
COVERAGE

RF Analysis Approaches
Interference
-14
-15

-63

-60
-65

-15.5

-16

-70

-17

-75

-18

-80

-19

-85

-20

Whats
the
problem?

-90
Ec/Io

RSCP

RSCP
RSCPlevel
levelisisGOOD,
GOOD,this
thiswill
will
imply
implystrong
strongSYSTEM
SYSTEM
INTERFERENCE
INTERFERENCE

RF Analysis Approaches
Interference

RF Analysis Approaches UL
Coverage

Uplink Coverage (UE Tx Power)

High UE Tx power means possible poor uplink
coverage.
Areas of high Tx power should be compared to the
CPICH pilots to verify if the problem only exists on the
uplink.

RF Analysis Approaches UL
Coverage

RF Analysis Approaches Pilot

Pollution
Pilot pollution exists if all the following conditions are met:
The number of pilots that meet the following condition is more than ThN
CPICH_RSCP > ThRSCP_Absolute
(CPICH_RSCP1st - CPICH_RSCP(ThN +1)th)< ThRSCP_Relative
Assume that ThRSCP_Absolute = 100 dBm, ThN = 3, and ThRSCP_Relative
= 5 dB
Then pilot pollution exists if all the following conditions are met:
More than three pilots meet the following condition CPICH_RSCP > 100
dBm.
(CPICH_RSCP1st - CPICH_RSCP4th) < 5 dB

Pilot Pollution

Dealing with pollution

Do scanning (via drive test)
Locate pollutant area
Do Neighbor list verification

Remove nbr that is not measured but in Nbr list

Add missing neighbor

Check pollutant, whether its from

overshooting site or site nearby
Check and Adjust physical configuration
Check and Adjust CPICH Power

RF Analysis Approaches Pilot

Pollution

Estimated Active Set Size Example

Neighbor Cell List Optimization

Drive test (service
Drop calls during moving
test):

Neighbor cell list

influences:
(1) Service Handover (drop
call)
(2) Cell Reselection

Neighbor list
classification:
Intra-freq. neighbor cell list

Inter-freq. neighbor cell list

Inter-RAT neighbor cell list

How to optimize?

How to optimize neighbor cell

List?
(1)Compare coverage difference
b/w Scanner and UE
(2) Add missing neighbor cells
(3) Remove useless neighbor
cells

Data collection: drive test

Data comparison: scanner, UE

IRATHO/ISHO
Optimization

Database 2G-3G Consistency Check

Cross check 2G CFGMML with External 2G
on 3G CFGMML (parameter check on 2G:
MCC, MNC, LAC,CI, NCC, BCC, BCCH, RAC)
Old database still not yet erased

Failure on 2G due to cell

unavailability/Alarm
Cross check IRATHO NCell

Failure on 2G due to congestion

Cross check IRATHO NCell

IFHO Optimization
Optimizing Neighbor based on
scenario given
Blind HO setting
Check availability/alarm on
surroundings

RF-related Drop Calls

Problems

Appearance

Poor coverage

Poor RSCP & Ec/Io

High interference

Poor Ec/Io or RTWP

Poor UL coverage

UE max Tx power

Poor dominance

many SHO events

Pilot pollution

many cells present

Missing neighbors
Fast change of RF conditions
usually causes drop calls, e.g.
turning a corner.

RF Analysis Approaches Drop

Call

Drop Call Analysis Example 1

RSCP & Ec/Io degrades
BOTH for scanner and UE

Check for Coverage problems

Call Drop

RF Analysis Approaches Drop

Call

Drop Call Analysis Example 2

Ec/Io
Ec/Io(and
(andRSCP)
RSCP)degrades
degradesfor
forUE
UEONLY
ONLY
while
whilescanner
scannershows
showsno
nodegradation
degradation

UE
UEcamp
campon
onnew
newcell
cellimmediately
immediately
after
afterdrop,
drop,and
andUE
UEdid
didnot
not
measure
measurethis
thiscell
cellbefore
beforeDrop
Drop

Call Drop
Check
Checkthe
theNeighbor
Neighbor

RF Analysis Approaches Drop

Call

Drop Call Analysis Example 3

Too
Toomany
manyand
andtoo
tooquick
quickchanges
changes
of
ofbest
bestserver
server

UE
UEto
toperform
performmeasurements
measurements
and
andSHO
SHOin
intime
timedifficultly
difficultly

PingPong
PingPongHandover,
Handover,need
needto
to
improve
improvecell
celldominance
dominance

Call Drop

Para. Optimization Target

Para. optimization
is an important
step
after RF
optimization

To reduce access failures

To reduce drop calls

To enhance service
quality
Service quality and network
resources utilization
will be improved after para.
optimization

Parameters to be
Optimized
CCCH power allocation para.

RL maximum power para.

Cell re-selection para.

Intra-freq. handover para.

Inter-RAT handover para.

Power control para.

Access power para.

Other related para.

Seldom adjusted

An effective way
to reduce drop
calls
The influence caused by the
cell parameters adjustment
should be analyzed
carefully.

THANK YOU!!!