The Future is

here

Blood Sugar
Monitoring

1980s 2000s

History and
The Near
Future
Suncity World School
Gurgaon
Manik Gaiha Class XII A

1970s

1950s 60s

Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring

Systems: No Missed data

1979: Dextrometer : digital version of Dextrostix

meter
1985: Glucometer II : from Bayer with memory
capability
1986: Glucometer M : with event marker and
computer
interface

Quantitative estimation: Reflectance Meters

(ARM) (i) photometric (colourimetric) DeskTop 1970 Ames Reflectance Meter (ARM)
inventor Anton (Tom) H Clemens

DIPSTIX: Urine Analysis

In 1954 Glucotest /Testape roll licensed by
Eli Lilly to Boehringer Mannheim)
In 1964 Combur-Test (BM) for glucose,
protein and pH of urine.

1941

Critical for diabetics

Clinitest
effervescent urine sugar testing tablets
launched by Bayer (formerly Miles
Laboratories) Methodology: Urinalysis for
glucose

Why Glucose Monitoring is critical?

Blood Sugar varies continuously:

For Diabetics very high or very low glucose levels in

the blood produce long term and short term
consequences which breaks down the diabetics body
Affects the Blood Vesels (Atherosclerosis)
Affects the Heart (Risk of Cardiac Disease)
Attacks the Nerves (Neuropathy)
Attacks the blood vessels in the Retina (Retinopathy
can cause blindness)
Continuous monitoring Allows for optimal treatment
strategies

Reduces incident of very high/ low blood sugar

Is considered critical to diabetic care

1940 60s: Early Glucose Monitoring Systems: Indirect Urinalysis

1941 Clinitest Urinalaysis
effervescent urine sugar testing tablets
launched by Bayer (formerly Miles
Laboratories)
Uses alkaline copper sulphate and Na
citrate forms colour in re-hydrated
state dependent on glucose content
1964 Dextrostix Urinalysis
In 1964 Earnest C Adams developed
Dextrostix (Ames Miles Laboratories)
Patent No 3,092,465
1st dry-reagent blood sugar test-strip
using immobilised glucose oxidase
with horse-radish peroxidase and a
colour indicator.
Modifications: covering over enzymes
and dye with water resistant material on
a plastic support

1970s Early 1980s: Gold Standard for Urinalysis (Indirect Blood Glucose)

1968 Haemo-Glukotest developed

(improved 1979).
Remains the gold standard of accuracy for
purely visual blood glucose determination.

Automated Evaluation : Reflectance Meters

(ARM)
Photometric (colourimetric) Desk-Top

1980s : First Generation Meters : Direct Blood Glucose Measurement

1981 Glucockek / Glucoscan : developed by

Medistron (UK) aquired by Johnson & Johnson in
1986
Systems had considerable user influence on the
results and a narrow haematocrit range
Test times remained relatively long from 40
seconds to 2 minutes

Automated Evaluation : Glucose meters - digital

read-out photometric test strips Bayer (ex Miles)
1979 Dextrometer : digital version of Dextrostix
meter
1985 Glucometer II : from Bayer with memory
capability
1986 Glucometer M : with event marker and
computer interface
1987GlucofactsTM :

1980s : Second Generation Meters : Direct Blood Glucose Measurement

Today: Third Generation Meters : The Future is arriving!!!

Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems
Combined with Insulin Pumps
To continuously monitor and adjust automated dosing of Insulin: As close to normal as
possible

Thank you
An on-going evolution towards complete patient
independence

References: DROKeystoneSMBG2009: Owens

http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/ce
nters/BarbaraDavis/Documents/teaching-keystone2009/Owens_1.