Mathematics

Session 1

Exponential Series & Logarithmic Series

Session Objectives

Session Objectives

The number e
Exponential Series
Logarithmic Series

The number e
Let us consider the series
1

1
1 1

...
1 ! 2! 3!

The sum of this series is denoted by e.

1 1
e 1
...
1! 2!

n
lim
1
1
To prove that e

n
n
1
1

1 n n 1 1
1 n.
n
2! n

n n 1 n 2 1

3! n

...[Using binomial theorem]

The number e

1
1
n

1 1

1
2
1 1 1
1

n
n ...
2!
n
3!

When n will approach to , 1 , 2 , 3 , etc.,

n n n
will approach to 0.
n
lim
1
1
1

...

n
n
2! 3!

n
lim
1
1 1 1

... e

n
n
1! 2! 3!

The number e
is an irrational
number and its
value lies
between 2 and 3.

lim
1
1 1
1
1
e
1

...

n
n
1! 2! 3!
r!

r 0

Exponential Series
2
3
x
x
x
ex 1

...
1! 2! 3!

is called exponential series.

We have

lim
x
e

1
1

lim

n
n

nx

1
2
x x x x x
n

n
n
1 x

...
2!
3!

Exponential Series
When n will approach to , 1 , 2 , 3 , etc.,
n n n
will approach to 0.
lim
1

n
n

nx

n
lim
1

n
n

ex

x 2 x3
1 x

...
2! 3!
2
3
x
x
ex 1 x

...
2! 3!

r 0

xr
r!

Some Results
r
2
3
x
x
x
x
x
1. e 1

...
1! 2! 3!
r!

r 0

2. e x

x x 2 x3
1

...
1! 2! 3!

3. e x e x
x

e e

r 0

xr
1
r!
r

x2 x 4
2 1

...

2!
4!

x
x
1

...
2! 4!

x 2r
2r !
r 0

Some Results
e x e x
x 3 x5
4.
x

...
2
3! 5!

1 1
5. e 1
...
1! 2!
6. e1

r 0

x 2r 1
2r 1 !
r 0

1
r!

1 1 1
1
...
1! 2! 3!

e e 1
1
1
7.
1

...
2
2! 4!

r 0

1
2r !
r 0

1
r!

Some Results
e e1
1 1
7.
1

...
2
3! 5!

1
2r 1 !
r 0

Some Important Deductions

1
(i)
n 0 n!
(ii)

n 0 n 1 !

1
e

n0 n k !

1
1 1
1

... e 1

1! 2! 3!
n 1 n!

1
1
1
(iii)

... e 2
2! 3!
n 2 n!

1
1 1
1
(iv)

... e 1
1! 2! 3!
n 0 n 1 !

1
(vii)

n0 n 2 !

1
1 1

... e 2

2! 3!
n 1 n 1 !

Exponential Theorem
Let a > 0, then for all real values of x,
x

a e

x loge a

x2
1 x loge a
loge a 2 ...
2!

General term of eax

eax 1 ax

Tr 1

ax
r!

ax 2 ax 3
2!

3!

, r 0, 1, 2, ...

...

Logarithmic Series
Expansion of loge 1 x
If |x| < 1, then

x 2 x3 x 4
loge 1 x x

...
2
3
4

1
r 1

r 1

xr
...(i)
r

Replacing x by x,

x 2 x3
xr
loge 1 x x

... (ii)
r
2
3
r 1

Logarithmic Series
(i) (ii)

loge 1 x loge 1 x

x3 x5
2 x

... ... (iii)

3
5

r 0

x 2r 1
2r 1

1
loge 1 x loge 1 x

2
1
1 x

loge

2
1 x

r 0

x 2r 1
2r 1

r 0

x 2r 1
2r 1

Logarithmic Series

(i) (ii)
x2 x 4

log 1 x log 1 x 2

... ... (iv)

4
2

1
log 1 x 1 x
2

r 1

x 2r
2r

Putting x = 1 in (i), we get

log 2 1

1 1 1
... (v)
2 3 4

Class Test

Class Exercise - 1
Find the sum of the series
23 33 43
1

....
2! 3! 4!

Solution:
23 33 43
Q S 1

...
2! 3! 4!

n3
n!
n 1

Let n3 A Bn Cn n 1 Dn n 1 n 2 ...(i)

or n3 A Bn C n2 n D n3 3n2 2n

Comparing the coefficients of like powers of n from

both sides, we get
A = 0, B C + 2D = 0, C 3D = 0, D = 1

Solution contd..
A = 0, B = 1, C = 3, D = 1

From (i),

n3 n 3n n 1 n n 1 n 2

n 3n n 1 n n 1 n 2
n!

n 1

n 3n n 1 n n 1 n 2

n!
n!
n!

n 1

1
3
1

n 1 ! n 2 n 2 ! n 3 n 3 !
n 1

= e + 3e + e = 5e

Class Exercise - 2
Find the sum the following series:

....

1
x y x y x2 y2
2!

x y x y

1
x y x y x4 y4 x2 y2
3!
Solution:

The given series can be written as

3
1 4
1 2 3
4
2
x y
x y x
y ...
2!
3!

1 4
1 6
2
2
4
x y
x y
x y 6 ...
2!
3!
2

Solution contd..

1
1
1
1

x 2 x 4 x 6 ... y 2 y 4 y 6 ...

2!
3!
2!
3!

x2

x2

y2

y2

2
3

x
x
x
x

...
Q e 1
1! 2! 3!

Class Exercise - 3
Find the coefficient of Xn in the
expansion of eex.
Solution:
Let e x y

ex

k
y
ey

k!
k 0

k 0

e
x

k!

ekx

k!
k 0

e x e2x e3x
1

...

1!
2!
3!

2x
3x

1
x
1
1
1

...
1! n 0 n! 2! n 0 n!
3! n 0 n!

Solution contd..

Coefficient of
xn in e

ex

1 1
1 2n
1 3 n
...
n!
1! n!
2! n!
3!

1 1 2n 3n

...
n! 1! 2! 3!

Class Exercise - 4
Sum the series
1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 23
1

....
2!
3!
4!

Solution:

1 2 1 2 22 1 2 22 23
Q We have 1

...
2!
3!
4!

n 1

1 2 2 ... 2

n!
n 1

2n
1

n! n 1 n!
n 1

2n 1 1

.
2 1 n!
n 1

2n 1
n!
n 1

Solution contd..

2 22 23

1 1 1

... ...
1! 2! 3!

1! 2! 3!

e2 1 e 1
e2 e

Class Exercise - 5
Sum the series

4 11 22 37 56

....
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
Solution:
4 11 22 37 56
We have

...
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
Now we will find the nth term of the numerator
Sn = 4 + 11 + 22 + 37 + 56 + ... + tn 1 + tn
Sn = 4 + 11 + 22 + 37 + ...

+ t n 1 + tn

_____________________________________
Subtracting, 0 = 4 + 7 + 11 + 15 + 19 + ... (tn tn 1) tn

Solution contd..

tn = 4 + [7 + 11 + 15 + 19 + ... + t0(n 1) terms]

n 1

2 7 n 2 4
4
2

n 1

4n 6

= 2n2 + n + 1

2n2 n 1
The given series =
n!
n 1

n2
n
1
2

n! n 1 n! n 1 n!
n 1

Solution contd..

n

2
n 1 n 1 !

1
1

n 1 ! n 1 n!
n 1

n 1 1
1
1
n 1 ! n 1 ! n!
n 1
n 1
n 1

1
1
2
2

n 2 ! n1 n 1 !
n 1

= 2e + 3e + (e 1)
= 6e 1

n 1 !
n 1

1
n!
n 1

Class Exercise - 6
Find the sum of infinite series

5
7
9

....
1.2.3 3.4.5 5.6.7
Solution:
Let Tr be the nth term of the infinite series.

Tn

2n 3
, n 1, 2, 3, ...
2n 1 2n 2n 1

2n 3
A
B
C

...(i)
2n 1 2n 2n 1 2n 1 2n 2n 1

Solution contd..
2n 3 A 2n 2n 1 B 2n 1 2n 1

C 2n 1 2n

...(ii)

Comparing the coefficients of n2, n and

constant term from both sides of the
equation (ii), we get
4A + 4B + 4C = 0, 2A 2C = 2 and B = 3
Solving the above equations, we get
A = 2, B = 3, C = 1

Solution contd..
From (i)

2
3
1

2n 1 2n 2n 1

Tn

Sum of the given series

2
3
1

2n 1 2n 2n 1
n 1

Tn

n 1

2
2

2n

1
2n

n 1

1
1
1
1

2n

1
2n
2n
2n

n 1
n 1

1
1

2n
2n

Solution contd..

1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 ... ...
2 3 4 5 6
2 3 4 5 6

2 loge 2 loge 2 1
3loge 2 1

Class Exercise - 7
x 1 1 x2 1 1 x3 1
.
.
...,
If t
2
3
x 1 2 x 1
3 x 1
find t.
Solution:
x 1 1 x2 1 1 x3 1
Q We have t
.
.
...
2
3
x 1 2 x 1
3 x 1

x
1 x

1
2
x

1 x

3
x

...

1
1
1
1
1
.
.
...

2
3
3 x 1
x 1 2 x 1

Solution contd..

x
1

log 1
log 1

1
x

1
x
log
log
x 1
x 1

x
x 1
log

log x
1
x 1

Class Exercise - 8
Find the sum of the series

1
2

1
5

2

3

3 1
4 5

....

Solution:

Q We have the series 1

2

n 1 1

.
n 5
n2

n2

1
2 1

5
3 5
1

3 1

4 5

...

1 1
1

.

5
n 5
n2
n2

Solution contd..
1 2

5

1

5

...

1 1 2 1 1

. .
2 5 3 5

1
1
1

25 log 1
1
5
5

1
5

1 5
4 1

log
25 4
5 5

log
4

...

Class Exercise - 9
Show that
loge x 2h 2 loge x h loge x

h2

x h

1
h4
1
h6

...
.
4
6
2 x h
3 x h

Solution:

RHS = 2loge x h loge x

h2
x h

1
h4
.
2 x h 4

1
h6
.
...
6
3 x h

Solution contd..

h2

loge x h loge x loge 1

2

loge x h

x 2 2hx

loge x loge
x h 2

x h 2

loge

x 2 2hx

2
x h

loge x 2h LHS

Class Exercise - 10
If x 2 y 2x y and x 1 and y 1,
prove that

y3 y5
x3 x5

... 2 x

... .
y

3
5
3
5

Solution:

Q We have x y 2x y
2

By componendo and dividendo

x 2 1 2x

1 y

2
x 1 2x 1 y

y x 2 1 2x

x2 1 1

2x
y

Solution contd..

1 x

1 x

1 y

1 y

1 y
1 x
loge
loge

y
1

1 y
1 x

2log

y
1

loge

y3 y5
x3 x5
y

... 2 x

...
3
5
3
5

(Pr oved)

Thank you