SIGNIFICANCE OF

QUALITY CONTROL
AND
TESTING
N.B.LALWANI

QUALITY
AN INDEX OF MEASUREMENT
THROUGH

GRADING
CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE

COMBINATION OF

CHEMICAL / PHYSICAL /

MECHANICAL /
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

QUALITY CONTROL

AN ACTIVITY UNDERTAKEN (WITHIN

TOLERENCE) TO ENSURE QUALITY
OF
PRODUCT / MATERIAL

GREATER SIGNIFICANCE IN RECENT DAYS

COMMONLY REFERRED AS QUALITY

ASSURANCE

QUALITY ASSURANCE

FITNESS FOR THE PURPOSE OF USE

REDUCE VARIATION
ABILITY TO SATISFY REQUIRED NEEDS
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
CONFORMANCE TO REQUIREMENTS
SUPERIORITY OVER COMPETITORS

QUALITY ASSURANCE
RESPONSIBILITY OF EVERY

INDIVIDUAL
OVERALL COLLECTIVE EFFORTS
TO BE ACHIEVED THROUGH
IDENTIFICATION

APPROPRIATE TESTS
STATISTICAL SAMPLING
FOLLOW ESTABLISHED STANDARDS
CONTROL OF OPERATION

OUTPUT
ZERO REJECTION & CONFORMS
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

TESTING

IN SHORT, QUALITY CONTROL OR

QUALITY ASSURANCE IS MAINTAINED
BY MEANS OF AN EFFECTIVE TOOL SO
CALLED TESTING.

OBJECTIVES OF TESTING
TO DETERMINE THE DIFFERENT
PARAMETERS.
TO DETECT THE VARIATION IN
PERFORMANCE.
TO CHECK THE DEVIATIONS.
HELPS TO TAKE THE APPROPRIATE
MEASURES FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT.

PACKAGING MATERIALS
AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF
PACKAGES
PACKAGES ARE TERMED AS
- UNIT PACK
- INTERMEDIATE PACKS
- BULK OR TRANSPORT PACKS

PACKAGING MATERIALS

PRIMARY PACKAGING MATERIALS

ANCILLARY PACKAGING MATERIALS

PRIMARY PACKAGING
MATERIALS - UNIT PACKS
PAPER AND PAPER BOARD
PLASTIC FILMS AND LAMINATES
METAL CONTAINERS
GLASS CONTAINERS
COMPOSITE CONTAINERS
FOLDING CARTON
LINED CARTON
MULTILAYERED COLLAPSIBLE TUBE
THERMOFORMED PLASTIC CONTAINERS
FLEXIBLE POUCHES OR SACHETS

PRIMARY PACKAGING
MATERIALS - BULK PACKS
WOODEN BOXES
CORRUGATED FIBRE BOARD BOXES
DRUMS (METALS, PLASTIC, FIBRE BOARD
ETC.)
MULTILAYER PAPER BAG
PLASTIC WOVEN SACK
PLYWOOD BOXES
INTERMEDIATE BULK CONTAINERS
(FLEXIBLE OR RIGID)
WOODEN OR PLASTIC CRATE

ANCILLARY PACKAGING
MATERIALS
ADHESIVES
PRESSURE SENSITIVE SELF ADHESIVE
PLASTIC TAPES
PLASTIC OR METAL STRAPS
INK OR VARNISHES
LABELS
CAPS AND CLOSURES
PLASTIC OR WOODEN PALLETS ETC.

IMPORTANT QUALITATIVE
TESTS OF PACKAGING
MATERIALS & PACKAGES

Quality Control tests for Paper/Board

Sr. No.

Name of Test

IS No.
IS : 1060 (1966)
Part I

Eqpts/Chemicals Used

Units

1.

Grammage

Balance, Template and

Cutter

gm/m2

2.

Bursting Strength &

Burst Factor

-- do --

Mullen Tester

kg/cm2

3.

COBB test

-- do --

Cobb Tester, Balance &

Blotting Paper

gm/m2

4.

Tensile Strength

-- do --

Instron Machine and

Template

kg/cm-width

5.

Tear Strength

ASTM
D-689

Tear Tester and Template

6.

Stiffness Test

IS : 1060

Stiffness Tester and

Template

7.

Bulk

-- do --

Dial gauge Balance & Percent

Template

Moisture Content

-- do --

Balance, oven and

Glass Bottle

pH

-- do --

pH Meter hot plate,

No.
beakers and buffer soln.

gf
Kenley /
Taber

Percent

Quality Control tests for Paper/Board

10.

Brightness &
Opacity

ASTM
D - 589

Brightness/ Opacity Tester

Percent

11.

Porosity

IS : 9894

Gurley Porosity Tester

Secs/ 100 ml./ Min.

12

Smoothness

IS : 9894

Bendsten Smoothness
Tester

Secs/ 100 ml./ Min

13.

Scuff Proofness

IS : 4006

Scuff proofness Tester

observation and loss

in weight (gms)

14.

Ash Content

IS : 1060

Crucible, Muffle furnance

and Balance

15.

Chloride Content

-- do --

Burrotte, Pippette & glassware

16.

Sulphate Content

-- do --

Crucible & glassware

17.

Bitumen Content

IS : 1398

Extraction Method

gm/ m2

18.

Wax Content

IS : 3263

-- do --

gm/ m2

19.

Wax Pick up No.

IS 1060

Dennison Wax sticks

20.

Fibre analysis

IS : 5285

Hezberg Stain slides &

Microscope

Percent
-- do --

Percent

No
Observation

PLASTIC FILMS & LAMINATES

THICKNESS OR CALIPER
DENSITY
TENSILE STRENGTH &
ELONGATION AT BREAK
DART IMPACT RESISTANCE
CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION
GLOSS
HAZE
PEEL BOND STRENGTH
SEAL STRENGTH
HOT TACK STRENGTH
WVTR (WATER VAPOUR
TRANSMISSION RATE)

mm or micron
gms/cc
Kg/cm2 & percentage
50% failure
Number
%
%
gms/15mm width
Kg/15mm width
Newton
gms/m2 24 hours at 38
C 1C & 90% 2% RH.

PLASTIC FILMS & LAMINATES

OTR (OXYGEN
TRANSMISSION RATE)
IDENTIFICATION OF
PLASTIC FILM
MELT FLOW INDEX TEST
EXTRACTABILITY TEST
(MIGRATION)

cc/m2 /24 hours at 23 C

1C under 1 atmospheric
pressure
gms/10 min.
mg/dm2 or ppm

Corrugated fibre board boxes tests

Sr. No. Name of Test

used for Results
1.Grammage

IS No.

1060 1966
(Part I)

Eqpts/Chemicals Used
Balance, Template and cutter

2.Bursting Strength-- do --

Mullen Tester

3.Puncture Resistance

Puncture Resistance

4006
(Part I)

Units
gm/m2
Kg/ cm2
OZ inch/ Tear inch

4.Compression Strength7028 -

TMI Tester/ Lansmont

(Part VI)

Kg.

5.Dimensions

2771 1990
(Part I)

Measuring Scale

mm.

6.Flute height

2771 1990
(Part I)

Travelling Microscope

7.Type of Flute

-- do --

Scale

8.Fibre Analysis

5285

9. Fluting Medium Test

Hezberg Stain
--

Compression Strength/
Concora Med. Tester

mm.
A/B/C/E
Observations
Kgf

Corrugated fibre board boxes

Sr. No.

Name of Test

IS No.
4006 1972
(Part II)

Eqpts/Chemicals Used

10.

Flat Crush

11.

Edge Crush

12.

Moisture Content 1060 1966 Balance oven, Glass

13.

Type of gum in
C.F.B.

14.

Water Resistance 7063 1976 Water tank, SUSP Device,

of Glue bond by
(Part III )
Rubber clamp and weight
Immersion

15.

Waterproofness /
Cobb test

2771 1990
Cobb Tester, Balance,
(Part I) Blotting Paper

16.

Flap Bend Test

-- do --

--

Observations

17.

Joint Strength

-- do --

--

Observations

7063 1976
(Part II)

--

Compression Tester

Units

-- do --

Glassware (Iodine
Phenolpthalien)

Kgf

Kgf
Percentage
Observations
hours

gm/m2

FACTORS AFFECTING COMPRESSION STRENGTH

1.QUALITY OF PAPER USED.
2.GSM (GRAMMAGE) OF PAPER.
3.NO. OF PLIES.
4. TYPE OF FLUTING MEDIUM.
5. SOLID CONTENT OF ADHESIVE
6. PRESSURE APPLIED FOR STICKING
7. WORKMANSHIP FOR MAKING BOX.
8. PERIPHERY OF BOX.
9.HEIGHT OF BOX.
10. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

TESTING ON COMPOSITE CONTAINERS

Sr. No.

Name of Test Equipment used

Test Result

1.VacuumVacuumObservation
LeakageTestPump&
Desicator
2.DimensionsScale&mm
verniercaliper
3.ThicknessofMicrometerDialmm
body,top,guagecaliper
bottom,&film
4.GrammageElectronicgm/m2
Balance

TESTING ON COMPOSITE CONTAINERS

Sr. No.

Name of Test

Equipment used

Test Result

5.MigrationofFilmSolventsoversmg/dm
&
Dishes
6.DropTestDropTesterObservation
7.CompressionCompressionKgs
StrengthTester
9.BondStrengthInstrongm/10mm
Testingm/cwidth

TESTING ON COMPOSITE CONTAINERS

Sr. No.

Name of Test

Equipment used

Test Result

10.LacquercuringAcetoneObservation
Test
11.LacquercontinuityCells&Observation
solvents
12.BreakingStrengthInstronKgf
forCrimpingm/c
13.PeelStrengthInstrongm/10mm
m/cwidth

GLASS CONTAINERS
DIMENSIONS
ANNEALING TEST
THERMAL SHOCK TEST
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
TEST
IMPACT TEST
DENSITY TEST
LEAKAGE TEST

mm
Kg/cm2
Kg/cm2

METAL CONTAINERS
DIMENSIONS
TIN COATING
LACQUER COATING

mm
gm/m2
gm/m2

LACQUER CONTINUITY
HEAD SPACE ANALYSIS
OBSERVATION ON DOUBLE
SEAMING
AIR PRESSURE LEAKAGE TEST
HYDRAULIC PRESSURE TEST

Kg/cm2
Kg/cm2

NATURAL & SYNTHETIC

FABRIC MATERIALS
SEAM STRENGTH

Kgf.

BREAKING LOAD STRENGTH

Kgf.

MESH

AXB

DENIER

Number

DIMENSION
No. of stiches

mm
mm

ANCILLARY PACKAGING
MATERIALS
LABELS
THICKNESS

mm

GRAMMAGE

gms/m2

TACKINESS

gms force

SCUFF PROOFNESS

Gms

ANCILLARY PACKAGING
MATERIALS
PALLETS
COMPRESSION STRENGTH

kgf.

DIMENSIONS

mm

STACK LOAD TEST

mm

Bending Test

mm

corner Block Test

mm

Drop Test

observation

ANCILLARY PACKAGING
MATERIALS
ADHESIVE
VISCOSITY

centi poise

SOLID CONTENT

MOISTURE CONTENT

ANCILLARY PACKAGING
MATERIALS
SELF ADHESIVE
PLASTIC TAPE
THICKNESS OF ADHESIVE
ADHESION PERFORMANCE
TEST TO STEEL
ADHESION PERFORMANCE
TEST TO SELF
GRAMMAGE OF ADHESIVE

mm
gms force
gms force
gms/m2

PERFORMANCE TESTS
OF TRANSPORT
PACKAGES

CORRUGATED FIBRE
BOARD BOXES

VIBRATION TEST
INCLINED IMPACT TEST
DROP TEST
ROLLING TEST
STACK LOAD TEST
WATER SPRAY TEST (RAIN TEST) FOR WATER
PROOF PACKAGES

SAND AND DUST TEST

FUNGUS RESISTANCE TEST

PLYWOOD CONTAINERS
WOODEN CONTAINERS
VIBRATION TEST
INCLINED IMPACT TEST
DROP TEST
ROLLING TEST
STACK LOAD TEST
WATER SPRAY TEST (RAIN TEST) FOR
WATER PROOF PACKAGES

SAND AND DUST TEST

FUNGUS RESISTANCE TEST

SPECIFICATION FOR METAL DRUMS

TESTS

Units

1.LEAKAGE(kg/cm2)
2. HYDRAULIC(kg/cm2)
3. DROPTestobservation
2DROPSEACH,LOTOF2000DRUMS.
1STDIA-BOTTOM&2NDDIA-TOP
ASPERUSER3RDDROPONSEPARATEDRUM
4. BRIMFULCAPACITYINLITRESLitres
5. DIMENSIONSmm

PLASTIC DRUMS
Specification for Blow Moulded plastic containers upto 200 litre
capacity.
Leakage Test : Upside down for 1 hour.
Hydraulic Pressure Test : Pressure of 1.1 kg/cm2 for 5
minutes.
Environmental Stress Crack Resistance : 5% Teepol for 48
hours.
Stack Load Test : 3 mtrs. or 2 mtrs. For 21 days.
Drop Test : Drop height : 1.2 mtrs., Total 5 drops.
Handle Strength Test : 3 jerks from 250mm

FIBRE DRUMS

DROP TEST
STACK LOAD TEST
COBB TEST
BURSTING STRENGTH
PUNTURE RESISTANCE
DIMENSIONS

OTHER TRANSPORT
PACKAGES
Multiwall Paper
Drop Test
SackBursting Strength

Rigid IBCsDrop test

Stack load test
Hydraulic pressure test
Air pressure leakage test

OTHER TRANSPORT
PACKAGES
Flexible Intermediate
Bulk Containers (FIBCs)

TOP LIFT TEST

RIGHTING TEST
DROP TEST
STACK LOAD TEST
TEAR TEST
TOPPLE TEST
CYCLIC TEST

PARAMETERS INFLUENCING PERFORMANCE.

1. PAPER QUALITY - RAW MATERIALS USED

2. OUTER LINER FOR A BOX.

3. BETTER PERFORMANCE - IMPARTING
WATERPROOFNESS,
4. FLUTING MEDIUM PAPER.
5. ADHESIVE - TYPE AND QUALITY.

6. TYPE OF FLUTE.

7. INCREASED STRENTH OF BOX.

a) SANDWITCHING HONEYCOMB / HESSIAN LINER.
b) BY USING SLEEVE.
c) BY USE OF GAP PLATES, SLOTTED PARTITIONS, SIDE
PLATES ETC.
8. MOISTURE CONTENT OF PAPER.
9. COBB VALUE.
10. PROPER SLITTING AND SCORING OF BOXES.
11. STYLES OF BOX.
12. CLOSURES AND REINFORCEMENT OF BOX.

THANK
YOU