Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LOG For Engineer
LOG For Engineer
and
Interpretations
By
A. Faramawi
Course Content
1- Introduction
2- The objectives of Open hole wire-line logging
3- The genesis of Reservoir Rocks
1- Introduction
Gambling and Energy
On table
How much money
A few millions
To have
Pillions or more
II- Evaluation
Economic or not
III- Production
Areas
Drilling
Logging
DST
Lithology,
HC shows
, Sw,Contacts,
Pay Thickness,
Dip(amount/direction),
Fm pressure
HC typing,
Productivity
II-Evaluation
Hydrocarbon in place = (C) (A) (H) (1-SW)
C
A
H
(1-Sw)
Directly
Indirectly
Cores measurements
Logging measurements
III- Production
Production facilities
- Pipe lines
- Process area
- Storage tanks
- Others
2
Terrigenous sedimentary rocks are classified according to their texture (grain size):
1-Gravel: Grain size greater than 2 mm
-If rounded clasts = conglomerate
-If angular clasts = breccia
2-Sand: Grain size 1/16 to 2 mm
Sandstone is most commonly made of quartz and feldspar, but it may contain grains of nearly any
mineral composition, and also grains of fine-grained rock types (such as basalt).
-If dominated by quartz grains = quartz sandstone (also called quartz arenite)
-If dominated by feldspar grains = arkose
-If dominated by rock fragment grains = lithic sandstone (also called litharenite)
Siltstone
Carbonate rocks can be classified according to the texture and grain size of the rock, known as
Dunham's classification.
Reservoir Definition 2. 3
A reservoir rock is one has both
1- Storage capacity
Porosity ()
Permeability (K)
-Inter-granular (S.st)
-Absolute permeability
-Effective permeability
-Fractures
-Relative permeability
Porosity ()
- Is defined as the ratio of the void space in a rock to the bulk volume of that rock multiplied
by 100 to express in percent. It is also referred to as the storage capacity of underground
formations.
- Porosity can be classified according to the mode of origin as :
1- Original (primary) developed during deposition of the sediment
2- Induced (secondary) developed by some geologic process subsequent to
the deposition of the rock.
- Original porosity is typified by the intergranular porosity of sandstones,
carbonates, and the interparticle and oolitic porosity of some limestones.
- Induced porosity is typified by fracture development as found in some
limestones or by vugs or solution cavities commonly found in limestones or
by dissolution of feldspar in a sandstone.
-Rocks having original porosity are more uniform in their characteristics than
those rocks in which a large part of the porosity is induced
Porosity depends on grain packing, not grain size
Rocks with different grain sizes can have the same percentage
porosity but different permeability.
Cubic packing
Pore space = 48 % of total volume
Rhombohedral packing
Pore space = 26 % of total volume
6
is the ratio of the total pore (void) space in the rock to the bulk volume of the rock
Effective porosity, e =
is the ratio of the interconnected pore (void) space in the rock to the bulk volume
of the rock, each expressed in percent
Carbonate Porosity
Primary porosity:
Inter-particle
Intra-granular
Inter-crystalline
Mouldic
Secondary porosity:
Fracture (Fissure)
Channel
Vuggy
7
Channel porosity:
Vuggy porosity:
Fractures (Fissures)
Fractures are caused when a rigid rock is strained beyond its elastic limit - it cracks.
The forces causing it to break are in a constant direction, hence all the fractures are also aligned.
Vugs
10
Permeability (K)
Permeability is not measured; it is calculated. The steady-state equation for calculating
permeability (using an integrated form of Darcys law) is
Core plug
Formations that transmit fluids readily, such as sandstones, are described as permeable
and tend to have many large, well-connected pores. Impermeable formations, such as
shales and siltstones, tend to have smaller, fewer, or no interconnected pores.
11
Absolute permeability is the measurement of the permeability conducted when a single fluid, or
phase, is present in the rock.
Effective permeability is the ability to flow or transmit a particular fluid through a rock when other
immiscible fluids are present in the reservoir (for example, effective permeability of gas in a gaswater reservoir). The relative saturations of the fluids as well as the nature of the reservoir affect the
effective permeability.
Relative permeability
(Geology) is the ratio of effective permeability of a particular fluid at a particular saturation to
absolute permeability of that fluid at total saturation. If a single fluid is present in a rock, its relative
permeability is 1.0. Calculation of relative permeability allows for comparison of the different
abilities of fluids to flow in the presence of each other, since the presence of more than one fluid
generally inhibits flow.
(Well Completions) A measurement of the ability of two or more fluid phases to pass through a
formation matrix. The relative permeability reflects the capability of a specific formation to produce
a combination of oil, water or gas more accurately than the absolute permeability of a formation
sample, which is measured with a single-phase fluid, usually water.
In formations with large grains, the permeability is high and the flow rate larger.
In a rock with small grains the permeability is less and the flow lower.
Grain size has no bearing on porosity, but has a large effect on permeability.
Reservoir Characterization
has become a vitally important consideration for every aspect of exploration, development and
production of petroleum resources.
Some of the parameters that characterize a reservoir are:
1. Porosity ()
2. Fluid Saturations (Sw)
3. Permeability (K)
4. Reservoir geometry (shape, size, orientation and thickness)
5. Temperature and Pressure
6. Facies and Deposition Environment
12
Open hole
Cased hole
Maintain Fm evaluation
Cement evaluation
Maintain Production
MWD/LWD logging
Runs in open holes combinable with the drill string
Logging truck
cable
Depth measure
cable
Survey (run)
may use several different logging
tools recording several different
logs (super-compo)
Logs
Present several different curves
Tools
13
Vertical
Sampling or average reading per depth
Horizontal
Depth of investigation
Undisturbed
Intermediate
(0 40 in) 15 in
vertical
Flushed
(0 6 in) 3 in
Mud cake
(0 1in) in
14
Strength Member: The cable must have sufficient strength to carry an instrument package to
any depth. In most cases the weight of a cable itself is the greatest part of the load.
2. Electrical Power:The conductors in the cable must be adequate to supply electrical power from the
truck to the instrumentation at the bottom of the cable.
3. Electrical Communication:The electrical conductors must be suitable to transmit the electrical
information generated by the down hole instruments to the computer or recorder in the truck.
4. Depth Measurements: The only method of measuring the depth, at which the down hole
instruments are located, is to measure the length of cable that has been put into the bore hole.
Without accurate depth information the instrument data is of little value.
An inelastic or permanent stretch will always
occur with new cable when it is first put into
service. This permanent elongation of the cable
length generally occurs during the first 30
logging runs (or less) for a well-designed cable.
Permanent stretch is approximately 1 ft (0.3 m)
per 1,000 ft (300 m) of cable. After "seasoning,"
the cable will perform as an elastic member
without further creep.
Wire-line Length Calibration
The wireline is accurately
measured in set lengths at a
defined horizontal tension. Each
length is 'marked' on the cable
by locally magnetizing the steel
armor wires.
Cable Construction
Borehole calipers
The Caliper Log is a continuous profile of
the borehole wall showing variations in
borehole diameter.
Caliper logs are required to assist in the
quantitative interpretation of many other
logs that are sensitive to borehole diameter
and wall roughness (rugosity).
Compensated logs such as density and
neutron are corrected for these factors.
The caliper shows where deviations occur
from the nominal drill bit diameter. The
deflections are towards smaller radius
where mud cake has accumulated in
porous formations and the oversize
excursions where caving has taken place.
Shales and coals are lithologies that tend to cave.The absence of mud cake adjacent
to a porous bed may indicate a tight sand or possible overpressure
Caliper Logs can be recorded using 2-, 4-, or 6-arm instruments. These
measurements and their average accurately define the hole shape and size, especially
in deviated and elliptically shaped holes.
Benefits
Borehole geometry for cement volume calculations.
Three calibers may logged in one logging job:
1- MSFL
2- Density
3- Dipmeter
16
The natural gamma ray response curve is useful for several practical applications of log
data :
1- Determine possible reservoir rock by quickly eliminating the depth intervals occupied by
shale in either open or cased hole.
2- Determine the amount of shale in potential reservoir rock in either open or cased hole.
3- Correlate depth on gamma ray logs in other wells to determine reservoir structural
position in either open or cased hole.
4- Identify radioactive deposits such as potash and uranium ore, bentonite marker beds,
coal seams, and potential organic source beds.
5- Monitor movement of injected radioactive material.
The highest radioactivity usually (but not always) occurs in shales and clays because of
their concentration of potassium, thorium, and/or uranium. Quartz crystals generally
exhibit strongly bonded planes in all directions, crystallizing in pure form and prohibiting
impurities from invading the crystal lattice. Micas and feldspars form a large part of the
Earth's potassium and decompose rapidly to clay minerals. Clays are weakly bonded,
very small in grain size, and have an open lattice that encourages inclusions of the
radioactive elements during and after deposition.
Equipment
The GR sonde contains a detector to measure the gamma radiation originating in the
volume of formation near the sonde. Scintillation counters are now generally used for this
measurement. They are much more efficient than the Geiger-Mueller counters used in the
past. Because of its higher efficiency, a scintillation counter need only be a few inches in
length; therefore, good formation detail is obtained.
17
Calibration
The primary calibration standard for GR tools is the API test facility in Houston. A field
calibration standard is used to normalize each tool to the API standard and the logs are
calibrated in API units. The radioactivity in sedimentary formations generally range from a
few API units in anhydrite or salt to 200 or more in shales.
Measurements
GR tools measurements have a vertical resolution of about 1 ft (30 cm), but true vertical
resolution depends on logging speed.
GR instrumentation is very adaptable and can be run in combination with a large variety of
other logging tools.
A major advantage of the gamma ray device is that it can be run in cased holes. Although
the presence of steel casing will reduce gamma ray count rates by about 30%.
The calculation of clay or shale volume in shaly formation:
Vsh =
GR log GR clean
GR shale GR clean
Measurement Principle
The NGS tool uses a sodium
iodide scintillation detector
contained in a pressure housing
which, during logging, is held
against the borehole wall by a
bow spring.
18
Log Presentation
The NGS log provides a recording of the amounts
(concentrations) of potassium, thorium, and
uranium in the formation. The thorium and
uranium concentrations are presented in parts per
million (ppm) and the potassium concentration in
percent (%).
In addition to the concentrations of the three
individual radioactive elements, a total (standard)
GR curve is recorded and presented in Track 1. The
total response is determined by a linear
combination of the potassium, thorium, and
uranium concentrations. This standard curve is
expressed in API units. If desired, a uranium free
measurement (CGR) can also be provided. It is
simply the summation of gamma rays from thorium
and potassium only.
19
Density
Electronic
(Without radioactive source)
Neutron
Acoustic
(sound waves)
Sonic
Magnetic
(magnet)
NMR
7-1 DENSITY
Density logs are primarily used as porosity logs. Other uses include identification of
minerals in evaporite deposits, detection of gas, determination of hydrocarbon density,
evaluation of shaly sands and complex lithologies, calculation of overburden pressure
and rock mechanical properties.
Principle
A radioactive source, applied to the borehole wall in a shielded sidewall skid,
emits medium-energy gamma rays into the formations. These gamma rays
collide with the electrons in the formation. At each collision a gamma ray loses
some of its energy to the electrons and continuous diminished energy. This type
of interaction is known as Compton scattering. The scattered gamma rays
reaching the detector, at a fixed distance from the source, are counted as an
indication of formation density.
20
Corrections are applied to the bulk density in real time during the logging operation. The
corrected RHOb curve and DRHO (the correction made) are recorded directly on the log.
The distance between the face of the skid and the extremity of the eccentering arm is
recorded as a caliper log, which helps to assess the quality of contact between the skid and
the formation.
Bulk Density Calibration
The primary calibration standard for the instruments is a test pit consisting of
laboratory freshwater-filled limestone formations of high purity and known
densities. The secondary (shop calibration) standards are large aluminum and
sulfur blocks into which the sonde is inserted. These blocks are of carefully
designed geometry and composition, and their characteristics have been related
to the limestone formations. With the blocks, two different thickness of artificial
mudcakes are used to check the automatic mudcake correction. Finally, at the
wellsite, a radioactive test jig is used to produce a signal of known intensity to
verify the detection system.
21
Pf = filtrate density
The bulk density range that is expected in the sedimentary rocks is normally from 2 to
3 g/cm3 from minimum to maximum
Common values of matrix density and photoelectric in rocks
Rock
Matrix Density
Pe
Sandstone
2.65
1.8 - 2.5
Siltstone
2.65
2.5 - 3.5
Shale
2.20 2.60
3.5 - 4.5
Limestone
2.71
>5
Dolomite
2.85
3.5 - 5
Anhydrite
2.96
Common values of filtrate densities
>5
Filtrate (Fluids)
Density (g/cc)
Fresh water
Salt water (120,000)
1
1.1
0.8
Gas (160F,5000psia)
0.2
22
7-2 NEUTRON
Neutron logs are used principally for delineation of porous
formations and determination of their porosity.They respond
primarily to the amount of hydrogen in the formation. Thus, in
clean formations whose pores are filed with water or oil, the
neutron log reflects the amount of liquid-filled porosity.
The major limitations is: Gas in the formation and/or borehole
Gas zones can often be identified by comparing the neutron log
with another porosity log or a core analysis.
The current tools use americium-beryllium (AmBe) sources to
provide neutrons with initial energies of several million electron
volts.
Three types of neutron logging instrumentation are used in the
wireline industry:
1- Neutron-Gamma (GNT - no longer in use)
2- Sidewall Neutron Porosity tool (SNP - in limited use- runs in
open hole only)
3- Compensated Neutron Tools:
-Thermal neutron ( CNL )
DNL Tool
Neutron Calibration
A neutron logging tool in the different limestone blocks is expected to be adjusted to
certain values of API units. The University of Houston maintains the test facility, and
service companies are expected to build their individual neutron calibration systems to
emulate the established values in this pit. Water-filled limestone blocks were selected for
the following reasons :
1- Water was available, contains hydrogen, and would not be expected to exhibit the
effects of gas or some lightweight crudes and condensates.
2- Limestone is readily available in a relatively pure form of CaCO 3, whereas lithology
and porosity control of other rock types are not.
3- Known high-porosity limestones and tight low-porosity limestones were available
from quarries to provide some porosity variation between 100% (large tank full of
water) and essentially terminal pore space (1.9%).
Calibrating facilities within the service company are often more complex, including
sandstone, dolomite, and other rock types in addition to limestone.
The hydrogen index : is the hydrogen content of any material referenced to fresh water
Determining Porosity From Neutron Logs
Subject to various assumptions and corrections, values of apparent porosity can be derived from any
neutron log. However, certain effects, such as lithology, clay content, and amount and type of
hydrocarbon, can be recognized and corrected for only if additional porosity information (from
sonic and/or density logs) is available. Any interpretation of a neutron log alone should be
undertaken with a realization of the uncertainties involved. The combined correction for all factors,
usually small, yields a value of corrected neutron porosity index. Chart Por-14c provides the
corrections to the CNL and DNL thermal neutron measurements for borehole size, mudcake
thickness, borehole and formation-water salinities, mud weight, standoff, pressure, and temperature.
24
Example:
Uncorrected neutron porosity = 34 p.u.
12-in. borehole
14-in. thick mudcake
100-kppm borehole salinity
11-lbm/gal mud weight (natural mud)
150F borehole temperature
5-kpsi pressure (water-base mud)
100-kppm formation salinity
12-in. standoff
For the conditions listed above, the corrections
are
Borehole size
2 34 p.u.
Mudcake thickness
0.0
Borehole salinity
+1
Mud weight
+1 12
Borehole temperature
+4
Pressure
1
Formation salinity
3
Standoff (Por-14d)
2
Net correction
2 14
25
HYT-45
Scale : 1 : 200
Density/Neutron
example
DEPTH (5898.FTlog
- 6010.FT)
DB : INTER_ACTIVE (6)
0.
6.
6.
-80.
GR (API)
CALI (in)
BS (in)
SP (mv)
150.
DEPTH
FT
16.
1.95
RHOB (G/CC)
NPHI (PU)
0.45
16.
-0.75
2.95
-0.15
PE (B/E)
0.
20.
5/11/2006 11:38
DRHO (G/CC)
20.
0.25
5900
5950
6000
27
Principle
The propagation of sound in a borehole is a complex phenomenon. It
is governed by the mechanical properties of several separate
acoustical domains. These include the formation, the borehole fluid
column, and the logging tool itself.
The sound emanated from the transmitter impinges on the borehole
wal1. This establishes compressional and shear waves within the
formation, surface waves along the borehole wall, and guided waves
within the fluid column.
In the case of well logging, the borehole wall, formation bedding,
borehole rugosity, and fractures can all represent significant acoustic
discontinuities. Therefore, the phenomena of wave refraction,
reflection, and conversion lead to the presence of many acoustic
waves in the borehole when a sonic log is being run.
Log Presentation
Acoustic velocities vary from about 6,250 to about 25,000 ft/sec (corresponding Dt values are 160
to 40 sec/ft); a ratio of 4 from minimum to maximum that is expected in the sedimentary rocks
normally encountered in subsurface oil and gas exploration.
Comparable bulk density range is normally from 2 to 3 g/cm3 from minimum to maximum.
The interval transit time is usually recorded on a linear scale.The integrated travel time is given by
a series of pips, usually recorded at the edge of Track. Each small pip indicates an increase of 1 ms
of the total travel time; a large pip is recorded every 10 ms. The travel time between two depths is
obtained by simply counting the pips. The integrated travel time is useful for seismic purposes.
Fm
Vma (ft/sec)
DT ma
(msec/ft)
Sandstone
Sandstone
17,000-or less
18,000-19,500
58.8 56.0
55.5 51.0
Limestone
21,000-23,000
Dolomite
DT ma
(used)
57
55
47.6 43.5
47
23,000
43.5
43
Anhydrite
20,000
50.0
50
Salt
15,000
66.7
67
Casing (Iron)
17,000
57.0
57
28
(sec/ft)
= acoustic transit time of interstitial fluids
(sec/ft)
Fluid
tf(sec/ft
Fm
DT ma
(msec/ft)
DT ma
(used)
Sandstone
Sandstone
58.8 56.0
55.5 51.0
57
55
47.6 43.5
47
189
Limestone
200
Dolomite
43.5
43
208
Anhydrite
50.0
50
Water (pure)
218
Salt
66.7
67
Oil
238
Casing (Iron)
57.0
57
29
30
31
32
33
9- Invasion profile
The formation of mud filter cake on the borehole wall is very desirable because the mud cake
effectively prohibits filtrate particle invasion. Particles that manage to invade the formation with
filtrate (Fig.) enter pore-throat constrictions and begin to trap and bind other particles until the
pore tunnel is bridged (Fig.). If water-sensitive authigenic clays occupy the pore system, invasion
of freshwater mud filtrate causes swelling and movement of the clay, which blocks pores and
seriously impairs effective permeability (Fig.).
Invasion has an effect on all wireline logs.
This is especially true for shallow reading tools such as density, neutron, sonic, and micro-log
resistivity tools, which measure in the zone where mud-filtrate and original pore fluids coexist.
Impact on logs
Enlarged holes
34
WBM
saline or low saline
OBM
& low saline WBM
35
1-Electrode
MSFL
2-Induction
LLS
Rxo
DIL
DLL
LLD
Rt
ILM
AIT
ILD
A-90 A-30
Rt
37
These other voltages are secondary in importance to the voltage resulting from the salinity
contrast between mud and formation water.
As the SP logging tool is drawn up the hole it measures the voltage difference between the
reference stake and the mud opposite shale and sandstone or limestone sections. The resulting
log curve reflects the permeabilty of the rocks and, indirectly, their lithology. SP curves degrade
over time, as the ions diffuse up and down the mud column. It also can suffer from stray voltages
caused by other logging tools that are run with it. Older, simpler logs often have better SP curves
than more modern logs for this reason. With experience in an area, a good SP curve can even
allow a skilled interpreter to infer sedimentary environments such as deltas, point bars or
offshore tidal deposits.
38
Today, the logarithmic scale is the most acceptable scale for recording resistivity curves. Its
standard form is a split four-cycle grid covering the range from 0.2 to 2000 ohm-m.
39
40
10.3 Dipmeter
Formation MicroScanner (FMS)
It is consists of four orthogonal imaging pads each containing 16
microelectrodes which are in direct contact with the borehole wall
during the recording. The button current intensity is sampled every
0.1 in (2.5 mm). The tool works by emitting a focused current from
the four pads into the formation. The current intensity variations are
measured by the array of buttons on each of the pads.
Processing transforms the current intensity measurements, which
reflect the microresistivity variations of the formation, into high
resolution gray or color images of variable intensity. Black and
white (darkest or lightest color) indicate low and high
microresistivity, respectively. The tool also includes a General
Purpose Inclinometry Cartridge (GPIT) which provides
accelerometer and magnetometer data in order to allow one to
Sixteen-electrode arrangement
define the tool position and spatial orientation of the data.
In smooth boreholes with very homogeneous bedding the depth of for the four-pad tool.
investigation is about 10 in (25 cm). The vertical resolution is 0.2 in
(5mm).
Applications
Mapping of bedding planes, fractures, faults, foliations, and other
formation structures and dip determination.
Detailed correlation of coring and logging depths.
Precise positioning of core sections where core recovery is less
than 100%.
Analysis of depositional environments.
41
The dipmeter tools, however, can detect the very thin events that are related to sedimentary features.
With the introduction of electronic computers, dipmeter data can be interpreted in much more detail.
Dips are computed at many more levels, and computations are made by correlating the dipmeter
curves over shorter intervals.These short-interval correlations reveal the fine structure of current
bedding and other sedimentation-related dips. When long-interval correlations are made, this detailed
information is averaged out, and essentially what remains is the structural dip.
Dipmeter results are usually presented in arrow plots (or tadpole plots ). The stem on each
plotting symbol indicates the direction of the dip. The displacement of the symbol from the left
edge of the plot represents magnitude of dip angle. Vertically, the symbols are plotted versus
depth.
It is common practice to identify various characteristic patterns on the plots by coloring them. In
the dipmeter interpreter the various patterns are called by the color names. the red, blue, and green
patterns. In a red pattern, successive dips increase progressively with depth and keep about the
same azimuth. In a blue pattern, successive dips with about the same azimuth decrease
progressively with depth. A green pattern, corresponds to structural dip. It is consistent in azimuth
and dip magnitude.
42
Archie proposed, based on observations, a formula relating porosity,& and formation factor,
F; the relationship is
where m is the cementation factor or exponent. The cementation exponent and the constant
a are determined empirically.
Over the years, experience has generated general acceptance of the following formation
factor-porosity relationships (dependent on lithology or pore structure):
43
44
Pickett plot
The log-log crossplot defines the water line (Sw = 1) by the lowest resistivity data if porosity and
water salinity remain constant (Fig.). The slope of the water line defines the m exponent, and the
intersection of the line with 100% porosity defines Rw. Points plotting to the right of the water
line should be hydrocarbon bearing.
The plots can be made with acoustic, density, or density-neutron crossplot data. This plot is
simply a standard Pickett plot being used to clarify the results. If a known Rw is used, the water
line should intersect at the proper value. The a and m values should be approximately the same as
those used in the original analysis
45
13-Fluid Saturation
Fluid saturation is defined as the fraction of pore volume occupied by a given fluid
Basic concepts of hydrocarbon accumulation
Initially, pore space filled 100% with water
Hydrocarbons migrate up dip into traps
Hydrocarbons distributed by capillary forces and gravity
Connate water saturation remains in hydrocarbon zone
In-Situ Saturation
Volume of fluid
Pore volume
Saturation
Amount of water per unit volume = Sw
Amount of hydrocarbon per unit volume = (1 - Sw)
Saturation calculations
Determining water and hydrocarbon saturation is one of the basic objectives of well logging.
Clean Formation
All water saturation determinations from resistivity logs in clean (non-shaly) formations with
homogeneous intergranular porosity are based on Archies water saturation equation,
The equation is
Where:
Rw, is the formation water resistivity,
1 Rt, is the true formation resistivity, and
F is the formation resistivity factor. F is usually obtained
from the measured porosity of the formation through the
relationship
2
Combining Eqs, 1 and 2, the Archie saturation equation may be written as:
For Sxo, the water saturation in the flushed zone, a similar expression exists:
where
Rmf. is the mud filtrate resistivity and
Rxo is the flushed zone resistivity.
46
47
1955
1975
1990
2005
48
49
Drawdown mobility
where
Pss = steady-state drawdown pressure drop
Cpf = drawdown proportionality factor
q = pretest flow rate.
The drawdown proportionality factor
depends on the packer-probe configuration.
Common values include:
5660 for a conventional or long-nose probe and for a standard
or reinforced packer
2395 for a large-diameter or Martineau probe
1107 for a large-area packer.
50
51
GOC
OWC
52
Supercharge
53
Walkaway VSPs
Walk-above VSPs
Zero-offset VSPs
Salt-proximity
VSPs
Drill-noise VSPs
Multi-offset VSPs
55
Sidewall cores
A core taken from the side of the borehole, usually by a wireline tool.
Sidewall cores may be taken using:
1- Percussion cores are taken by firing hollow bullets into the formation.The bullets are attached
to the tool by fasteners, and are retrieved, along with the core inside, by pulling up the tool and the
fasteners. Percussion coring tools typically hold 20 to 30 bullets, but two or three tools can be
combined on one run in the hole. cores from typical percussion tools are 1 in. [2.5 cm] in diameter
by 1 3/4 in. [4.4 cm] long
2-Mechanical tools use hollow rotary drills to cut and then pull out core plugs.Up to 75 plugs can
be recovered on one run. With full recovery, cores from typical mechanical tools are 0.91 in. [2.3
cm] in diameter by 2 in. [5 cm] long.
Sidewall cores should be obtained and analyzed in any reservoir of possible interest. In
situations where reservoirs are missed during full diameter coring operations or there has been
insufficient core recovery, sidewall cores provide a relatively inexpensive alternative. Many
reserve classification controversies could be avoided if a sufficient number of
sidewall cores were collected during the formation evaluation program.
Currently, rotary (or drilled) sidewall cores are dramatically underutilized in the industry.
Percussion cores
Rotary (or drilled) sidewall cores
56
Call the wireline contractor early enough to allow time to travel to the rig site and time to
check the operation of logging equipment once on location.
A copy from the lithlog and mudlog should be ready to be used as a guide during the
logging operation.
A special care should be done for taking a representative mud sample, which recommended
to be taken from the flow line 15 minutes before the end of last circulation. Make sure that
the logging engineer receiving the mud sample, mud filtrate and mud cake in a fresh
condition for accurate resetivity measurements.
Discuss the hole condition with the drilling supervisor covering points such as tight spots,
dog-legs, lost circulation material, and stuck pipe lubrication. Keep a record of such
problems and give this information to the logging engineer.
2- Pre logging
Give the logging engineer the well information (as per the wireline contractor well data sheet).
Discuss the logging program, log presentation, scales, digital data format requirements,
etc., with the logging engineer using the litholog and mudlog.
Verify that both primary and backup tools are checked prior to the start of the logging job.
Check that the master calibrations match the tool numbers and are current (generally less
than 1 month old).
Check with the logging engineer on tolerance limits of calibrations and tool surface
checks, especially the new generation tools.
Check on the tool combinations before run in hole, total length, number of standoff and
centralizers (if any) and their positions.
Check on a minimum of two thermometers on every trip in the hole and ensure that the
logging crew checks them.
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3- While Logging
Check with the logging engineer the before survey calibration which must be within
tolerance.
Check the calculation of the cable stretch for accurate depth measurements. Also the
determination of the cable strength rating and weak point rating and record them.
Check the acoustic and caliber readings inside the casing (DT STEEL = 57 usec in free
pipe, caliber = casing ID).
In case of bad hole condition ask the logging engineer to log while run in hole (of course
without opened calipers) and start the main log directly after reaching TD then make the
repeat section through any good hole section.
Logging speed should be adjusted to the slowest device in the tool combination.
Thin-bed analysis may require slower logging speeds for better statistical response with
nuclear tools.
Run a minimum of 200 feet of repeat log covering zones of interest and zones that exhibit
an abnormal log response.
Check the repeatability. Factors that contribute to poor repeats include washed-out holes,
variable tool centering (especially in large holes with conductive muds), pad devices
following different borehole paths, statistical variations in radioactive chemical source
emissions, and tool malfunction.
Check against offset logs for similar log responses in similar lithologies.
Check that all curves recorded on the same trip in the hole are on depth with each other.
Make sure that there is a minimum of 100 feet of gamma ray overlap with previous run.
Be alert for indications of deteriorating hole conditions (e.g. increasing cable tension and
caliper activity). If necessary, pull out of the hole (after discussions with supervisors) and
make a condition trip.
In case of running super combination tools, if any of the tools failed on bottom (except
resistivity), keep logging the rest of tools then go back and log the failed one.
Centralized acoustic, resistivity, and dielectric tools should repeat exactly.
In case of resistivity failure on bottom do not log any and pull out of hole to check or to
change the tool.
Check that the in times print out log is correct and ready for faxing at any time to
main office.
Always remember to fill in the time break down sheet for every tool run in the hole.
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4- Post Logging
Fill in a section on the log quality control and performance sheet after every tool run in
the hole.
Ensure that successive logging runs are on depth with each other.
Check that all items on the log header are accurately filled out, especially Remarks on any
log anomalies.
Check the calibration tails (before, after, and shop), and ensure that they are attached to
the log films and the calibration numbers are within tolerance.
Check that the digit tape labels are completely and correctly filled out.
Discuss the logs thoroughly with the wireline engineer and ask for an explanation of any
abnormal curve responses, equipment failures, or hole problems.
Make sure that any of these comments have been entered under Remarks on the log
header and on the log quality control sheet.
Make sure to complete both the time break down and quality control and performance
sheets.
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