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Speed Control of DC Motor Using Pulse Width Modulation
Speed Control of DC Motor Using Pulse Width Modulation
Content :
Introduction
D.C. motor
Working principle
Types of motor
Method of speed control
Pulse width modulation
Circuit diagram & its description
Advantages & Disadvantages
Application
Conclusion
Introduction :
Almost all the machine in industries operated using
electrical motors. Among them most of motors are DC
motors.
DC series motor is specially used for traction, electric
locomotive, trolley systems, cranes and conveyor belt.
All these works require frequent speed control for
preparation of job.
A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) wave can be used to
control the speed of the motor.
Working Principle:
A machine that convert d.c power into mechanical
power.
It is based on electromagnetism i.e. when a current
carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field
there is some mechanical force exerted on the current
carrying conductor which is perpendicular to both the
conductor and the magnetic filed.
The most common DC motor types are the shunt
wound and series wound types.
Cont
It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by
varying
flux/pole, (Flux Control)
resistance Ra of armature circuit (Rheostatic Control)
applied voltage V (Voltage Control)
Cont
The above methods have some demerits i.e
A large amount of power is wasted in the
controller resistance. Hence, efficiency is
decreased.
It needs expensive arrangement for dissipation of
heat produced in the controller resistance.
It gives speeds below the normal speed.
Principle :
The main principle is control of power by varying the
duty cycle.
Here the conduction time to the load is controlled.
Let
for a time t1, the input voltage appears across the load ie
ON state.
for t2 time the voltage across the load is zero.
The average voltage at output is given by
Va = 1/T vodt = t1/T Vs = ft1 Vs = kVs
the average load current
Ia = Va/R = KVs/R
where T is the total time period =t1+t2
k = t1/T is the duty cycle
Cont
The rms value of output voltage is
V0 = ( i/T V02 dt ) = k Vs
The duty cycle can be varied from 0 to 1 by varying t1, T or f. Therefore, the
output voltage V0 can be varied from 0 to Vs by controlling k, and the power
flow can be controlled.
As the time t1 changes the width of pulse is varied and this type of control is
called pulse width modulation (PWM) control.
Circuit Description :
Power supply
Motor Controller
Power Supply :
Circuit Description:
The transformer is a center tap 12-0-12V 500mA and
supply 12v to the circuit.
The i/p sine wave is rectified by using full wave
rectifier which convert it to one constant polarity.
Circuit Diagram :
(Motor Controller Sections)
Circuit Description :
The design is based on astable multivibrator IC1a.
output is low for a period determined by R1 and high
for a period set by R2 and P1.
When C1 is discharged, the level at the input of IC1a is
below the lower threshold, so that the output of this
stage is high.
The capacitor is then charged rapidly via D1 and R1,
and reaches the upper threshold in about
t = ln(2)RC
= ln(2).(22k).(100nf)
=1.5 ms
Cont..
As output of IC1a goes low, whereupon C1 is
discharged via D2, R2, and P1.
The discharge time could be set between 0.2ms and
25ms.
the duty factor of the output signal may be varied
between 5% and 90%.
The signal is inverted again and then applied to the
input of transistor BC557 through 4k7.
The transistor Bc557 act as a buffer which transfer
electrical impedance from one circuit to another
circuit i.e. it act as a pre amplifier.
Cont
The o/p of Bc557 is given to the power transistor
2N3055 which is used in a circuit as an amplifier,
detector, or switch.
The diode connected across the motor is for
freewheeling purpose i.e. the diode used to eliminate
flyback, the sudden voltage spike seen across an
inductive load when its supply voltage is suddenly
reduced or removed.
The resistance of P1(Potentiometer) is at a minimum,
the rotary speed of the motor is at a maximum.
Advantage :
PWM duty cycle control techniques enable
greater efficiency of the DC motor .
PWM switching control methods improve speed
control and reduce the power losses in the
system.
The pulses reach the full supply voltage and will
produce more torque in a motor by being able to
overcome the internal motor resistances more
easily.
Disadvantages :
The main Disadvantages of PWM circuits are the
added complexity and the possibility of
generating radio frequency interference .
It can give speed below the full speed, not above.
It cannot be used for fast controlling of speed.
Applications :
Traction application
Conveyor Belt carrying loads
Various motors requiring smooth speed control
DC motors of all range can be controlled, which are
used for the production of materials
Electric locomotives
DC motor using precise job preparations
Conclusion
The present project is practical one and high
feasibility according to economic point of view,
reliability & accuracy. It is programmable one
therefore it can control various motors ranging
small one to several hp motors.
Any
query