GROUND WATER QUALITY

ANALYSIS AT VILAPPILSALA

Guided by
Archa Gopan
1

Asst. Professor
Civil Department

Presented by
Group 8

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR STUDY
OBJECTIVES
LITERATURE REVIEW
METHODOLOGY
WORK DONE
TEST PROCEDURE
TEST RESULTS
CONCLUSION
2

INTRODUCTION

Water covers majority of earths surface

A very small percentage is available as fresh water that human
can use.
Groundwater is one of water resources.
Ground water provides drinking water to the people and it
contains over 90% of the fresh water resources
The quality of ground water is of paramount importance.
In recent years the risk of groundwater pollution has become one
of the most important environmental concerns

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala State and is

located on the shoreline of Arabian Sea.
With a population of about 7,29,938, the city is estimated to
generate about 265 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) every
day.
Thiruvananthapuram Corporation has established a centralized
solid waste management plant for managing the garbage
generated in Trivandrum City

Fig 1.Vilappilsala garbage plant

5

CONT

The waste from the plant was flowing into the Karamana River,
which flows through the city.

The water from the river is diverted to the city for drinking water
purpose through a dam at Aruvikkara and for irrigation purpose
through another dam at Peppara.

This condition leads to the outbreak of contagious and deadly

diseases.

Fig 2. Polluted water in Vilappilsala

7

OBJECTIVES

To find out the different types of pollutants present in

ground water.
To suggest remedial measures to curb the pollutants.
Mapping of contaminant in ground water.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature
Devendra
Dohare,Shriram
Deshpande
&
Kotiya
(2004)

Abstract

Brief description

Analysis of Ground Water Most of the water

Quality
Parameters:
A quality
parameters
Atul Review
slightly higher in the
wet season than in the
dry season

Anurag Tewari,
Ashutosh Dubey and
Aviral Trivedi
(2010)
N.Raman and
D.Sathiyanarayanan
(2011)

A study on physico- A water index based

chemical characteristics of parameters can provide
ground water quality
a future solutions of
water quality.
Quality
assessment
of
ground
water
in
Pallavapuram
municipal
solid waste dumpsite

The drinking water is

polluted with reference
to almost all the water
quality physicochemical
parameters studied.

CONT..
Literature

Abstract

K. Sundara kumar,P. Assessment and mapping

Sundara kumar,Dr. M. J. of Ground water quality
Ratnakanth babu & Dr. using GIS.
Ch. Hanumantha rao
(2010)

S.Shenbagarani
(2007)

Brief Description
To
understand
the
quality of the water as
well as to develop
suitable
management
practices to protect the
ground water resources.

The result of analysis

groundwater
Analysis of Groundwater of
Quality near the Solid samples show that
leachate constitutes a
Waste Dumping Site
serious threat to the
local aquifer.
10

METHODOLOGY

Collection of datas about Vilappilsala

Location of area
Reconnaissance survey
Collection of water samples
Analysis:
Physical parameters
Chemical parameters
Biological parameters
Mapping of areas using GIS
Comparison and analysis of water sample from different locations
11

WORK DONE

Visited Pollution Control Board at Kollam and checked out the

details of tests to be carried out for ground water quality
analysis
Collected 10 water samples from areas around Vilappilsala.
Tests were conducted.
pH
Conductivity
Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness & Magnesium hardness
Total Dissolved solids
Chloride
Alkalinity
Total coliform and Fecal coliform
Nitrate
12
Sulphate
Acidity

CONT...

Results analysed.

13

TEST PROCEDURE

14

1. PH

The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration for dilute

solutions.
Gives an indication of the corrosive nature of water sample.

15

Fig.3 pH meter

2.CONDUCTIVITY

Conductivity is reported as micro mhos per cm.

Fig.4 conductivity meter

16

3.HARDNESS ( EDTA-TITRIMETRIC
METHOD )

Salts of Ca and Mg contribute hardness to natural waters

Classified as calcium & magnesium hardness.
Ca+ = Ca hardness x 0.4008
Mg2+ = Mg hardness x 0.24
Mg hardness = Total hardness - Ca hardness

17

1.Total Hardness

Reagents:
(i) NH4Cl-NH4OH Buffer
(ii) Eriochrome black T indicator
(iii) Standard EDTA solution
Colour change : wine red to blue.

18

Fig.5 showing colour change

2. Calcium Hardness

Reagents :
(i) murexide indicator
(ii) NaOH buffer (1N)
(iii) Standard EDTA solution
colour change : pink to purple

Fig.6 showing colour change

19

4. SULPHATE

Reagents :
1.condition reagent
2.Barium chloride crystals

Procedure :
50 mL sample is taken and add
5mL conditioning reagent.
BaCl2 crystals are added.

Measure the turbidity on colourimeter

having 420 nm.

Fig.7 colourimeter

20

5.NITRATE

Known as Cadmium reduction method.

Reagents :
1. NH4Cl buffer solution
2. Sulphanilamide solution
3. N(1-naphthyl)ethylene diamine dihydrochloride solution

21

Procedure :

50 mL sample was taken and add 1 mL NH4Cl buffer solution.

first 10 mL collected and rejected.
Collect next 10 mL of the sample for the analysis.
1 mL sulphanilamide solution was added to it.
After 3 minutes, add N(1-naphthyl)ethylene diamine
dihydrochloride solution
After 10 minutes, measure the absorbance in colourimeter at 543
nm.

22

6.CHLORIDE

Chloride serves as basis of detecting contamination of ground

water by waste waters.
Reagents :
1. Standard Silver nitrate solution (0.014)
2. Potassium chromate indicator
Colour change : pure yellow to pink.

23

7. ACIDITY

Reagents :
1. Sodium Hydroxide (0.02N)
2. Phenolphthalein indicator
3. Methyl orange indicator
Colour change :
1. orange to pale yellow
2. colourless to pink

24

8.ALKALINITY

Reagents :
1. Standard Sulphuric acid (0.02N)
2. Phenolphthalein indicator
3. Methyl orange indicator
Colour change :
1. pink to colourless
2. yellow to orange

25

Fig.8 showing colour change

9.TOTAL COLIFORM
Organisms that produce a red colony with a metallic sheen
within 24 hours at 35C on an Endo type medium.
Use membrane filter analysis.
Apparatus :
1.
Sample bottles and dilution bottles
2.
Culture dishes
3.
Filter unit
4.
Absorbent pads
5.
Incubator

26

Fig.9 Apparatus

27

Fig.10 showing filter paper

Endo Agar is used for the culture medium and prepared.

Carefully place the filter paper into the filter unit.
Dilution bottle is placed over it
Pass the sample through it.
Wait for sometime until the sample is completely filtered.
Filter paper is taken and placed in the culture dish .
Keep it in the incubator for 24 hours.
Count the colonies.

28

Fig.11 culture dish

29

Fig.12 showing bacteria

10. FECAL COLIFORM

FC agar is used for the culture medium.

Fig.13 Fecal colonies

30

11.TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Empty weight of the crucible dish was taken.

50 mL sample was taken .
Allow it for steam bath.

Fig.14 hot plate for steam bath

weight of the dish containing solids was recorded.

31

TEST RESULTS

32

1.PH
Permissible limit : 6.5 8.5

Sample

pH

5.4

6.3

6.1

5.6

5.9

5.9

7.8

6.8

10

7.1

9
8
7
6
pH 5
4
3
2
1
0
0

pH

10

12

Sample
33

2.CONDUCTIVITY

Sample

Conductivity

88

174

1000

71

800

171

600

134

234

767

317

117

10

178

Conductivity

Conductivity( mhos/cm)

400
200
0
0

10

12

Sample
34

3.TOTAL
HARDNESS
Permissible limit : 300 600 mg/L

Sample

TH

22

48

18

34

20

38

54

44

28

10

28

Total Hardness

60
Total50Hardness(mg/L)
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

12

Sample
35

4.CA HARDNESS
Sample

Ca Hardness

12

32

35

10

30

22

25

14

28

Ca Hardness (mg/L ) 20
15

36

30

20

10

20

Ca Hardness
40

10
5
0
0

10

12

Sample

36

5. MG
HARDNESS
Sample

Mg Hardness

10

16

12

10

18

14

10

Mg Hardness
20
18
16
14
12
Mg Hardness (mg/L ) 10
8
6
4
2
0
0

10

12

Sample
37

6. CA2+
Ca2+
Sample

Ca2+

4.8

14

12.8

12

10

8.8

5.6

11.2

14.4

12

10

16

Ca2+

8
6
4
2
0
0

10

12

Sample

38

7. MG2+
Mg2+
Sample

Mg2+

2.4

2
3

3.8
1.9

2.9

5
6

1.4
2.4

4.3

8
9

3.4
1.9

10

1.9

Mg2+

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

12

Sample

39

8. NO3-

Permissible limit : 45 mg/L

Sample

NO3-

4.1

3.6

4.3

5.3

5.7

4.8

1.8

1.5

10

3.7

NO38
7
6
5
NO3- (mg/L)

4
3
2
1
0
0

10

12

Sample
40

9. CHLORIDE
Permissible limit : 250 mg/L
Sample

Cl

22

30

120

22

100

32

80

32

58

40

112

20

72

20

10

40

Chloride

Chloride(mg/L)

60

0
0

10

12

Sample
41

10. ALKALINITY
Permissible limit: 200- 600

Sample

Alkalinity

16

40

18

28

22

34

166

32

20

10

22

Alkalinity
200
150
Alkalinity(mg/L)

100
50
0
0

10

12

Sample
42

11. TOTAL COLIFORM

Permissible limit : 0
Sample

Total Coliform

660

1800

420

1600

680

1400

900

1200

1400

1000

700

1600

600

400

200

10

480

Total Coliform

TC

800

0
0

6
Sample

10

12
43

12. FECAL COLIFORM

Permissible limit: 0

Fecal Coliform
Sample

Fecal Coliform

450

290

400

190

350

260

150

FC 200

300

150

280

100

400

50

10

200

300
250

0
0

10

12

Sample
44

13. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Permissible limit : 500 - 2000
Sample

Total Dissolved
Solids

62

124

50

400

122

95

TDS 300
200

167

100

547

226

83

10

127

Total Dissolved Solids

600
500

0
0

10

12

Sample

45

Sample

pH

TH

CaH

MgH

Ca2+

Mg2+

NO3-

5.4

22

12

10

4.8

2.4

4.1

6.3

48

32

16

12.8

3.8

3.6

6.1

18

10

4.0

1.9

4.3

5.6

34

22

12

8.8

2.9

5.3

5.9

20

14

5.6

1.4

5.7

5..9

38

28

10

11.2

2.4

4.8

7.8

54

36

18

14.4

4.3

7.0

6.0

44

30

14

12.0

3.4

1.8

6.8

28

20

8.0

1.9

1.5

10

7.1

28

20

8.0

1.9

3.7

TH Total Hardness
CaH Calcium hardness
MgH Magnesium hardness

46

CONT
Sample

Cl-

Acidity Alkalinity

Conductivity

TC

FC

TDS

SO42-

22

BDL

16

88

660

290

62

BDL

30

BDL

40

174

420

190

124

BDL

22

BDL

18

71

680

260

50

BDL

32

BDL

28

171

900

150

122

BDL

32

BDL

22

134

1400

300

95

BDL

58

BDL

34

234

700

280

167

BDL

112

BDL

166

767

1600

400

547

BDL

72

BDL

32

317

Nil

Nil

226

BDL

20

BDL

20

117

Nil

Nil

83

BDL

10

40

BDL

22

178

480

200

127

BDL

TC Total coliform
FC Fecal coliform
TDS Total dissolved solids

47

CONCLUSION

From the results we analyse the different contaminants present in

water.
Sample 7 is more pollutant than other samples.
To mininize bacteria present in those samples,remedial measures
are suggested.

48

49