The practice of social research

logic of

sampling

The types of sampling method

Logic of probability sampling
Sampling concepts and terminology
Population and sampling frames
Types of sampling designs

social research
According to C.A. Moser :
Social research is a systematized
investigation to gain new knowledge about social
phenomenon and problems.

Social research now can be defined as the

systematic and objective analysis and
recording of controlled observations

Sampling is a processes of selecting

observation

THE TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD:

Probability sampling.primary method
Probability sampling techniques involving random selection.

No probability sampling.judgmental
sampling/quota sampling

Logic of probability sampling.

.
Demographic
characteristics
Attitudes
Experiences
Behaviors

One case would be sufficient as a sample to study

characteristics of the whole population

Conscious and unconscious sampling bias:

.
Representativeness and probability of selection:
A sample will be representative of the
population from which it is selected if the
aggregate characteristics of the sample
closely approximate those same aggregate
characteristics in the population

SAMPLING TERMINOLOGY:
Element
. Population
Study population
Sampling unit
Sampling frame
Observation unit
Variable
Parameter
Statistic
Sampling error

Element.
Is that unit about which information is
. collected and which provide the basis of
analysis
Example
People/certain types of people
(survey
research)
Families, social club corporation (social
research)

population.
A population is the theoretically specified aggregation of
the study element.
.
Example

Citizenship ,residence

Study population.
A study population is that aggregation of elements
from which the sample is actually selected.

Sampling unit
A sampling unit is that element or set of elements considered
for selection in some stage of sampling
.
Primary sampling unit
Secondary unit
Final sampling unit

Sampling frame.
A sampling frame is the actual list of
sampling from which the sample or some
. stage of sample is selected.

Example:
A student selected from a student roster.
(Single stage sampling)
List of census block(complex population)

Observation unit.
An observation unit or unit of data collection ,is an
element or aggregation of elements from which
information is collected.
Example:
Heads of household(observation unit)

variable.
Variable is a set of mutually exclusive attribute.
Variable must possess variation

Example:
Sex, age, employment status..

parameter.
A parameter is the summary description of a given
variable in a population.
Example:
Income of all families in a citys
Age distribution of citys population

Statistic.
A statistic is the summary description of a given
variable in a sample.
Example:
Income computed from a sample
Age distribution of that sample

NEXT CLASS ON

to be continued.(types of sampling design)