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Lecture 3 - Water
Lecture 3 - Water
Sources
Supply
Demand
Water
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
The water's chemical description is H2O. As the diagram shows, there is one atom
of oxygen bound to two atoms of hydrogen. The hydrogen atoms are "attached" to one
side of the oxygen atom, resulting in a water molecule having a positive charge on the
side where the hydrogen atoms are and a negative charge on the other side, where the
oxygen atom is.
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
Hardness
Classification
mg/L or
ppm
grains/gal
Soft
0 - 17.1
0-1
Slightly hard
17.1 - 60
1 - 3.5
Moderately
hard
60 - 120
3.5 - 7.0
120 - 180
7.0 - 10.5
10.5 &
over
Hard
Very Hard
1 grain hardness =
17.1 mg/L or ppm hardness
Supply
Demand
Alkalinity
Acidity
Laws
Treatment
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
100oC
100oC
0 oC
0oC
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
The basic source of water is rainfall, which collects in rivers and lakes, under the ground,
and in artificial reservoirs. Water from under the ground is called groundwater and is
tapped by means of wells . Most often water must be raised from a well by pumping. In
some cases a well will draw water from a permeable rock layer called an aquifer in which
the water is under pressure; such a well needs little or no pumping. Water that collects in
rivers, lakes, or reservoirs is called surface water. Most large water supply systems draw
surface water through special intake pipes or tunnels and transport it to the area of use
through canals, tunnels, or pipelines, which are known as mains.
Surface Water
Sea Water
Ground Water
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
In the Philippines, the average residential daily water supply demand is 100 gal (380
liters) per person, although it can go as high as 500 gal (1900 liters) per person. The
stringency of the requirements that a supply of water must meet depends on the use
to be made of it.
Supply
Demand
Laws
Treatment
The demand for clean water and safe disposal of wastewater has emerged as
one of the highest priorities in the Philippines. Several factors drive this
demand, including massive population growth and the appearance of megacities, world economics in growth markets, technological advances in water and
wastewater treatment, and increased competition. More and more government
officials in these country are turning to the private sector for solutions.
Supply
Demand
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Beneficial Use
Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for
waters having watersheds which are inhabited and otherwise
protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to
meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the .
Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will
require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration
and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.
Recreation Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as
bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designed for
tourism purposes).
1) Fishery Water for propagation and growth of fish and other
aquatic resources
2) Recreational Water Class II (For boating, etc.)
3) Industrial Water Supply Class II (For Manufacturing processes
after treatment)
1) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.
2) Industrial Water Supply Class II (for cooling, etc)
3) Other inland waters, by their quality, belongs to this classification
Supply
Demand
Supply
Demand
Supply
Demand
Quality standard
Treatment