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Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete Bridge
Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete Bridge
Fundamentals of Prestressed Concrete Bridge
Prestressed Concrete
Bridge
MAB1053 Bridge Engineering
Prof. Dr. Azlan Abdul Rahman
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM 2006
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Introduction
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Methods of Prestressing
Pre-tensioning is used to describe a method of
prestressing in which the tendons are tensioned before the
concrete is placed, and the prestress is transferred to the
concrete when a suitable cube strength is reached.
Post-tensioning
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Pre-tensioning Method
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Post-tensioning Method
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Design for
Class 1&2
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Limiting Stresses
The allowable compressive and tensile stresses for bonded Class 1 and
Class 2 members at transfer and service load are provided by BS8110
and summarised as follows :
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Basic Theory
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Basic Inequalities
Stresses at transfer condition
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Basic Inequalities
Stresses at service condition
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Re-arranging the
above inequalities by
combining, the
expressions for Zt and
Zb can be obtained.
These two inequalities
may be used to
estimate the
preliminary section for
design.
Zt
Zb
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M s M i
max
'
min
M s M i
'
max
f min
14
Z f
P
i
Pi
Mi
Zt Ac e
t
'
min
Z t f max M s
Z t Ac e
Z
P
i
Pi
f Mi
Z b Ac e
b
'
max
Z b f min M s
Zb Ac e
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Prestress Losses
16
f co
f pi
Ac
m
2
2
Aps 1 e r
If the tendons are closely grouped in the tensile zone, the loss due
to elastic shortening may be found by taking fco as the stress in
concrete at the level of the centroid of the tendons.
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f co
f pi
Mi e
Ac
m
2
2
Aps 1 w r
The value of fco will vary along the member, since generally both e
and Mi will vary. In this case an average value of fco should be
assumed.
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4)
BS8110)
20
Friction Losses
Friction due to
wobble
tendon
friction
duct
Friction due to
curvature
(Equation 59, Clause
4.9.4, BS8110)
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Friction losses
(Clause 4.9 BS8110)
Px Po e
Kx
22
23
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25
26
Magnel Diagram
1 Z t Ac e
'
Pi Z t f min
Mi
1 Z b Ac e
'
Pi Z b f max
Mi
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1
Zt Av e
Pi Zt f max M s
1
Z b Ac e
Pi Zb f min M s
27
Magnel Diagram
3
10
Pi
2
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29
Zt
1
M i Zt fmin'
Ac Pi
1
Zb fmax' M i Z b
Pi
Ac
Zt
1
M s Z t fmax
Ac Pi
1
Z b fmin M s Zb
Pi
Ac
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31
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Equation 54 in BS8110
Vco 0.67bv h
2
prt
0.8 f prt f cp
33
f pe
Vcr 1 0.55
vc bd M o
f
M
pu
where
Vcr 0.1bv d
f cu
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f pe
Pi
Aps
34
35
Shear reinforcement
Asv/sv = 0.4b/(0.87fyv)
Where b = breadth of the member (or of the rib in I or T section)
sv = spacing of links along the member
fyv = characteristic strength of shear reinforcement
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Shear reinforcement
37
38
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39
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40
0.0035
0.9x
pe
fpb
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T
41
42
43
For unbonded tendons, the values of fpb and x may be obtained from
Equation 52 and Equation 53 in BS8110 as follows :
f pu Aps
7000
f pe
1 1.7
0.7 f pu
l d
f cubd
Equation 52
f pb
Equation 53
f pu Aps f pb
x 2.47
d
f cu bd f pu
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45
46
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-Pe
47
A simplified method of
finding the maximum
deflection of concrete
members is outlined in
BS8110 and is suitable for
Class 3 members with low
percentages of
prestressing steel.
In this case, the maximum
deflection ymax is given by
ymax = KL2/rb where L is the
effective span, 1/rb is the
curvature at midspan or at
the support for a cantilever
and K is a constant which
depends on the shape of
the bending moment
diagram.
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49
Long-term deflections
50
Long-term deflections
Where only a proportion of the service load is
permanent, the long-term curvature of a section may be
found using the following procedure :
a) Determine the short-term curvature under the permanent
load.
b) Determine the short-term curvature under the total load.
c) Determine the long-term curvature under the permanent
load.
51
52
53
The end-block of a
concentrically-loaded
post-tensioned
member of
rectangular crosssection and the
distributions of
principal tensile and
compressive
stresses within the
end block is shown
in the diagram below.
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55
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57
58
Once the tendons in a pretensioned member has been cut, the force
in them which was initially maintained by the anchorages at the end
of the pretensioning bed, is transferred suddenly to the ends of the
concrete member. However, since there is no anchorage at the end
of the member, as in the case of post-tensioning, there can be no
force in the tendon there.
Further along the tendon, the bond between the steel and the
concrete enables the force in the tendons to build up, until some
distance from the end of the member a point is reached where the
force in the tendons equals the initial prestress force.
This distance is known as transmission length (Clause 4.10
BS8110) which depends on degree of compaction of concrete; size
and type of tendon; strength of the concrete; deformation and
surface condition of the tendon. See Clause 4.10.3 in BS8110 for
the calculation of the transmission length.
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Composite Construction
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Composite Construction
The stress distribution is due to self weight of the beam with the
maximum compressive stress at the lower extreme fiber.
Once the slab is in place, the stress distribution in the beam is
modified to take account the moment due combined section selfweight of the beam and slab, Md.
Once the concrete in the slab has hardened and the imposed load
acts on the composite section, the additional stress distribution is
determined by using ordinary bending theory but using the
composite section properties.
The final stress distribution is a superposition of the modified stress
distribution in beam and the combined section. There is a
discontinuity in the final stress distribution under service load at the
junction between the beam and slab.
The beam has an initial stress distribution before it behaves as part
of the composite section, whereas the slab only has stresses
induced in it due to the composite action.
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Determine the allowable concrete stresses for the solid slab deck.
Determine the minimum depth of slab required.
If the depth of slab is 525mm and the maximum eccentricity of the
tendons at midspan is 75mm above the soffit, find minimum value
of the prestress force required.
Construct a Magnel Diagram for the bridge slab and find the
minimum prestress force for a tendon eccentricity of 188mm.
Determine the cable zone for the full length of the bridge deck and
a suitable cable profile.
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the section at
midspan with e=188mm. Assume fpu= 1770 N/mm2, fpi=1239
N/mm2, fcu=40 N/mm2. Es = 195 kN/m2 , fy = 460 N/mm2 and total
steel area per metre = 4449 mm2. Assume grouted tendons after
tensioning.
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Moments
Mi = 24h x 202/8 where h is the overall depth of the slab.
Ms = 1200h + (10.3 x 202)/8 = (1200h + 515) kNm/m
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Zt
Zb
10
0.8 20.0 0.9 0
= (7.50h + 28.97) x 106 mm3/m
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67
Pi 7473.4kN / m
Pi 6246.3kN / m
Pi 4699.3kN / m
Pi 5195 .0kN / m
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108/Pi
108/Pi
108/Pi
108/Pi
0.133e 11.65
0.058e + 5.08
0.212e 18.53
0.070e + 6.11
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Pi 6246.3 kN/m
Pi 5195.0 kN/m
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The limits to the cable zone at midspan are now 172mm and 224mm. If
the shape of the chosen cable profile is parabolic, then for the midspan
eccentricity of 188mm , the shape of the profile is given by :
y = (4 x 0.188/202)x(20-x)
where y is a coordinate measured from the centroid of the section
(below centroid is positive). The coordinates of the curve along the
length of the deck can be found, and these are used to fix the tendon
ducts in position during construction. These coordinates lie within the
revised cable zone based on Pi = 5512.0 kN/m.
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The depth of the neutral axis is 373mm and the ultimate moment of
resistance is given by,
Mult = [4449 x 1131(450-373) + 5360 x 192(475-0.45x373)] x 10-6
= 1735.8 kNm/m
Mult > Mapplied therefore the section is satisfactory.
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