Sampling values and its

Reconstruction
Sampling Theorem
Reconstruction of a Signal

Continuous sampling
Signal
Continuous
Signal

Discrete
Signal

D/A

Code

Digital
Signal

DSP

x3 t
x2 t
x1 t
-T

2T

x1 nT x2 nT x3 nT
x1 t x2 t x3 t

1.1 The Sampling Theorem

Impulse-Train Sampling

xp t

x t

p t

x t

x 0

t nT

x T x 2T

-3T -2T

-T

2T

3T

4T

Sampling
p(t)

xp(t)

x(t)

x p (t ) x(t ) p (t )
1
X p ( j )
[ X ( j ) * P ( j )]
2

where

p(t ) T (t )

(t nT )

Time domain:

x p (t ) x(t ) T (t )

x(nT ) (t nT )

Frequency domain:
x (t ) F X ( j )
1
p(t ) ak
T
F .S.

p(t ) P ( j )
F

( Periodic signal )

2a ( k ) ( k )

s
F
x p (t ) X p ( j )
2

1
X ( ks ) X ( ks )

T k
k

X p ( j ) X ( j ) * P ( j )

s 2M

Sampling Theorem:
Let x t be a band-limited signal with X j 0 ,
M
then x t is uniquely determined by its samples x nT , n 0,1,
if

s 2 M

where

2
s
T

2M : Nyquisy Rate
( Minimum distortionless sampling frequency )

M : Nyquist Frequency
( Maximum distortionless sampled signal frequency )
Excise: 7.3, 7.4

The reconstruction of the signal

p t
x t

t nT

xp t

x t

H j

x nT S

xr t

H j
c

M c s M

H t nT

1.2 Natural Sampling

p t
x t

P t nT
xp t

H j

xr t

H j
c

M c s M

xr t x t P t nT h t
n

Difficult:
1 ILPF is unpractical;
2 narrow, large-amplitude pulses are difficult to generate
and transmit.

1.3 Sampling with a Zero-Order Hold

x t
x t

xp t

-3T -2T

x t

-T

x 0

Zero-Order
Hold

x T x 2T

2T

3T

4T

x0 t

p t
x t

t nT

1 h0 t

xp t

x0 t

Zero-Order Hold

x0 t x p t h0 t
H o ( j ) e

j T 2

x nT h t nT

2 sin(T 2)

p t

t nT

xp t

x t

Zero-Order
Hold
p t
x t

Impulse-Train
Sampling

Reconstruction
Filter
h0 t

x0 t

hr t

xr t

t nT

xr t x t

xp t

LPF

x t

e jT 2 H ( j )
H r ( j )
2 sin(T 2)
M c s M

H r ( j )

e jT 2 H ( j )
2 sin(T 2)

2 Reconstruction
Band-limited interpolation

p t

t nT
xp t

x t

xr ( t ) x p ( t ) * h ( t )

H j
h (t )

M c s M

T sin(c t )
t

x(nT ) (t nT ) * h(t )

xr t

H j

x(nT )h(t nT )

T sin[c t nT ]
x ( nT )
t nT
n

Original CT Signal

After sampling

After passing LPF

The LPF
smoothes out
shape and fill
in the gaps

Zero-order hold p t
x t
Original CT Signal

After sampling

After passing
zero-order hold

t nT

xp t

h0 t

x0 t

hr t

xr t

Zero-Order Hold

H o ( j ) e

j T 2

2 sin(T 2)
H ( j )

jT 2

e
H ( j )
H r ( j )
2 sin(T 2)

Zero-Order Hold
Recover Filter

Excise: 7.5, 7.7

Summary
Sampling Theorem
Sampling and Reconstruction of Signal