CAESAR II STATIC LOAD CASE

EDITOR
Loren Brown
Senior Engineer/Developer
CADWorx & Analysis Solutions
Intergraph Process, Power,& Marine

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TYPES OF LOADS
Primary Loads Force driven, cause
catastrophic failure.
Weight, Pressure, Point Loads, Uniform
Loads, Hanger Loads, Wind and Wave
loads.

Secondary Loads Strain based,

cause fatigue failure.
Temperature, Displacements.

AVAILABLE LOAD TYPES IN CAESAR

II

W (Weight), WNC (Weight No Contents)

WW (Water-filled Weight)
P (Pressure), HP (Hydrotest Pressure)
T (Temperature), D (Displacement)
H (Hanger Pre-loads), F (Concentrated
Loads)
U (Uniform Loads)
Win (Wind), Wav (Wave and Current)
CS (Cut Short or Cut Long)

Available Stress Types in

CAESAR II

OPE Operating
SUS Sustained
EXP Expansion
OCC Occasional
HYD Hydrotest
HGR Hanger Design
FAT - Fatigue

Load Case Definition

Operating case contains all loads in
the system.
L1 = W+P1+T1+H (OPE)

this is called a basic

load case

Sustained Case contains only primary

loads.
L2 = W+P1+H (SUS)

another basic load case

Expansion Case is the difference

between the operating and sustained
cases.

Combination Load Cases

Used to add or subtract results from
previously defined primitive load
cases.
Necessary for proper EXP and OCC
code stress definition.
Not used for restraint or equipment
load definition, nor for displacement
reporting.

Why subtract SUS from

OPE?
Why not simply use L3 = T1 (EXP)?
Because the restraint configuration may
result in an incorrect solution.
Nonlinear restraints drive the restraint
configuration.
Other loads in the system combine to
change the restraint configuration.

Nonlinear Restraints
Stiffness of Restraint changes
depending on position of pipe or
forces on restraint.
Examples:
Uni-directional Restraints (+Y)
Gaps in restraints
Friction
Large-rotation rods
Bi-linear Restraints

Force vs. Distance in Nonlinear

Restraints

Example 1:

T1 (EXP)
L3 = T1 (EXP)

This is how the line is modeled in

Caesar II. The gaps are equal on
both sides of the pipe. No loads are
yet applied.

The thermal forces have closed

the gap on the right side.

Total Displacement for T1 (EXP) = 1 x Gap

Example 2: L1 L2 (EXP)
L2 = W+P1 (SUS)

L1 = W+P1+T1
(OPE)

Weight has caused the pipe to close

the gap to the left. This can happen
when the pipe pivots about a
different restraint.

Operating conditions have caused

the pipe to close the gap to the
right, even against the weight force
trying to hold it on the left.

Example 2 (cont)
If we subtract the displacements of
the SUS case from OPE we get:
Total Displacement for L1-L2 = 2 x Gap
In a linear system T1 (EXP) = L1 L2
(EXP)
In a nonlinear system this is not
guaranteed.
This represents the effect of
temperature in the presence of other
loads.
This is a displacement stress range, not

Occasional Load Cases

For most piping codes (not the
offshore codes):
Set up an OPE case that includes the
occasional load
Subtract the standard OPE case from the
OPE that includes the occasional load.
We call this the segregated occasional
load case.
Add the above load case results to the
SUS load case results for the code stress
check

Example 3: Occasional
Load Cases
Assume we have a uniform load
representing a seismic load, U1.
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6

=
=
=
=
=
=

W+P1+T1 (OPE) standard operating

W+P1 (SUS)
W+P1+T1+U1 (OPE) operating with occasional load
L1-L2 (EXP)
L3-L1 (OCC) segregated occasional
L2+L5 (OCC) * occasional code stress case

* use scalar combination method.

Combination Methods
Algebraic:
Used for subtracting two load cases.
Takes the displacements from the referenced cases
and subtracts them.
Then computes forces, moments, and resultant stress
from these displacements.

Scalar:
Used for adding two load cases.
Adds the stresses from the two referenced load cases.
Unlike algebraic the stresses are not recomputed
from displacements.

Notes on combination
methods
Dont use algebraic for adding two
load cases.
You cant take credit for occasional loads
acting opposite to operating loads.

Dont use scalar for subtracting two

cases.
This results in a lower code stress than
actual.

Output Types
Displacement
Usually reported only for basic load
cases

Force
Usually reported only for basic load
cases

Stress
Reported based on code requirements.

Example 4 Restraint Loads

The algebraic difference between these two conditions will result

in a positive force on the restraint. This is an impossible
condition. But the EXP code stress is correctly computed for this
condition.

What to report
Suppress the HGR cases and the
segregated occasional load cases.
Report displacement, force for all primitive
load cases.
Dont report stress for the operating load
cases.
This is not true for offshore codes, nor FRP
codes, nor buried pipe codes.

Report only stress for combination load

cases.

Using the Hot Modulus of

Elasticity
It is required to use the cold modulus
of elasticity for stress computation.
You can reduce restraint loads by use
of the hot modulus of elasticity.
Create identical OPE cases, one with
hot modulus for restraint loads, and
one with cold modulus for use in the
combination with SUS for
determining EXP stress.

Using the Friction Multiplier

Friction Multiplier acts on the Mu
value entered on each restraint in
the model.
Input 0.0 for no friction and 1.0 for
full friction.
Create identical load cases, but
change the value of Friction Multiplier
on one of them.
Compare the results in the Restraint
Summary and report the worst-case