Radio Resource Administration

CHAPTER 01

Nokia Siemens Networks

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Nokia Siemens Networks

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Module Objectives
Give an overview about the TDMA frame structure
Describe the logical channels, their mapping to TDMA frames and their
parameters
Demonstrate, how the signalling capacity effect the mapping of the logical
channels
Give an overview about the use of extended cells
Describe the purpose of the Base Station Identity Code and the Training
Sequence Code
Explain the use of FDMA and frequency reuse
Discuss the parameter settings required for base band and RF frequency
hopping

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Basic TDMA Structure

e

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tim

physical channel

e.g. allocated to one

subscriber with FR voice
and no frequency hopping

6
3

6
3

1
0
7

1
0
7

TDMA
frame
=8
timeslots
= 4.615
ms

2 2 2
TDMA frame

1
0

200 kHz
4

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frequency

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Multi, Super and Hyper Frame

TDMA
frame
2048 super frames = hyper framenumbering

2047

0 1 2
0 1

0 1 2

Super frame = 26 x 51 multi frames

484950
or 51 x 26 multi frames
24 25

0 1 2
2

24 25

51 multi frame = 235 ms

26 multi frame = 120 ms

Nokia Siemens Networks

0
TDMA frame =
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4.615
ms

49 50

Radio
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GSM Channel Organisation

Logical Channels
for transport of specific content
mapping

MS

Physical Channels
transport medium
Physical channel parameters
ARFCN
Time slot number
Frequency hopping algorithm

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Base Station
Subsystem

Radio
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Logical Channels
BCH

DL

Common
Channels

DL
UL
CCCH

DL
DL

DCCH
Dedicated
Channels
TCH
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Nokia Siemens Networks

UL/DL
UL/DL
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FCCH

Frequency Correction Channel

SCH

Synchronisation Channel

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel

CBCH

Cell Broadcast Channel

PCH

Paging Channel

RACH

Random Access Channel

AGCH

Access Grant Channel

NCH

Notification Channel

SDCC
H
SACC
H

Stand alone Dedicated Control

Channel
Slow Associated Control Channel

FACCH

Fast Associated Control Channel

...

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Traffic Channels
TCH/FR

TCH for Full Rate speech

TCH/EFR TCH for Enhanced Full Rate speech

TCH

TCH/HR

TCH for Half rate Speech

TCH/F9.
6
TCH/F4.
8
TCH/H4.
8
TCH/F2.
4
TCH/H.2.
4

TCH for full rate data transmission with

9.6 kbit/s
TCH for full rate data transmission with
4.8 kbit/s
TCH for half rate data transmission with
4.8 kbit/s
TCH for full rate data transmission with
2.4 kbit/s
TCH for half rate data transmission with
2.4 kbit/s

...

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Radio
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Traffic Channel Mapping

Full Rate Traffic Channel Configuration (UL & DL)

26 TDMA frames = 120 ms
t t t t t t t t t t t t sf t t t t t t t t t tf t t i
1

26

t = full rate TCH, s = SACCH/T, i = idle TDMA frame

Half Rate Traffic Channel Configuration (UL & DL)

26 TDMA frames = 120 ms
t

s
f

T T T T T T T T T T T

t
f

t
T S

...

1 t = half rate TCH, s = SACCH/T (first user) 26

T = half rate TCH, S = SACCH/T (second user) TDMA frame
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Radio
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Signalling Channel Mapping

(BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/C4)

Downlink

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

1
fs

f sf
BCCH CCCH

CCCH CCCH

Uplink

fs

fs

SDCCH 0
SACCH
SDCCH 2
0/2 SACCH
SDCCH 1
SDCCH 3
1/3

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

1
rr

f r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r

SACCH
SDCCH 3 2/0 SACCH
3/1
10

fs

51

Nokia Siemens Networks

51
f

rr

SDCCH 0
SDCCH 3
SDCCH 1
f = FCCH, s = SCH, r = RACH TDMA frame
- = dummy burst
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Radio
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Signalling Channel Mapping

(BCCH +CCCH/9)

Downlink

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

1
fs

f sf
BCCH CCCH

Uplink
1

fs

CCCH CCCH

fs
CCCH CCCH

51
fs

CCCH CCCH

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

CCCH CCCH

51

r r r r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r

f = FCCH, s = SCH, r = RACH TDMA frame

- = dummy burst

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Radio
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Signalling Channel Mapping

(SDCCH/8 +SACCH/C4)

Downlink
1

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

51
i i i

SDCCH 0 SDCCH 2
SACCH
SDCCH 4 SDCCH 6
SACCH
SDCCH 1 SDCCH 3
SDCCH 5 SDCCH 70/4 SACCH 2/6 SACCH
1/5
3/7

Uplink
1
f

51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

fi i i

SACCH
SACCH 6/2 SACCH
5/1
7/3

SACCH
SDCCH 2
SDCCH 4 SDCCH 6
SDCCH 0
SDCCH 1 SDCCH 3
SDCCH 5 SDCCH 74/0
i = idle TDMA frame

12

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Radio
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Channel Mapping
(Parameter Setting)

Channel configuration defined by parameter channelType

TCHF
TCHH
TCHD
ERACH
NOTUSED
SDCCH
MBCCH
MBCCHC
MBCCB
SDCCB
MPBCCH

13

= full rate traffic channel

= half rate traffic channel
= dual rate traffic channel
= random access channel of extended area
= timeslot has no radio definition or Abis allocation
= SDCCH/8 +SACCH/C4
= broadcast control channel
= BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/C4
= BCCH + SDCCH/4 with CBCH
= SDCCH with CBCH
= PBCCH + PCCCH + PTCCH packet control channels

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Radio
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Dynamic SDCCH Allocation

Static SDCCHs overbooked

-> Free TCHs used for SDCCH traffic
Rules for dynamic SDCCH allocation:
SDCCH is configured to TRX with least number of SDCCHs or no SDCCHs yet at all
SDCCH is configured to TRX with least number of occupied channels
If between different types of TCHs must be selected, the preference order is: HR, FR, DR
TCH
Intelligent underlay overlay network: dynamic SDCCHs supported by regular TRXs only
Dynamic SDCCH allocation + FACCH call set up enabled simultaneously
-> dynamic SDCCH allocation has higher priority
Exceptions:
Configuration of any dynamic SDCCH resource in the BTS not possible
Only one TCH of the BTS is available

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FACCH Call Set Up

Alternative to dynamic SDCCH allocation

Assignment of TCH to MS from CCCH instead of SDCCH
Call set up on FACCH instead on SDCCH
Parameters
newEstabCausesSupport
ordinaryCallOnFacch
emerCallOnFacch
reestablishOnFacch

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Nokia Siemens Networks

Y/N
Y/N
Y/N
Y/N

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Enables
Enables
Enables
Enables

feature is general
ordinary call set up on FACCH
emergency call set up on FACCH
call reestablishment on FACCH

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PCH Parameters

Mobile terminating call -> MSC performs paging

MS identifies paging message with the IMSI/TMSI
MS listens to own paging group only
BSC parameters
noOfMultiframesBetweenPaging
often MS listens to

2..9 multi frames

Defines how
paging

MSC parameters
Repaging Interval
consecutive paging

50..100 ms

Time between

Repaging Attempts
repetitions

0..5

attempts
Number of paging

Buffering
16

BTS Nokia
stores
up to 8 paging messages
of the MSC in page group buffer
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Radio
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RACH Parameters

Mobile sends channel requests to BTS seperated by random time

intervals in case of no answer!
Parameters
maxNumberRetransmission
allowed
retransmissions
numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans
interval between
retransmissions

1,2,4,7

Defines maximum
number of

3..12,14,16,20,25,32,50

Defines time
consecutive

Random time interval between consecutive retransmissions

t = S + random [0,.. numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans 1] RACH slots
S depends on numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans
numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans
=
signalling
channel
mapping (CCCH + SDCCH combined or not in one
10
signalling
channel
mapping=
multi
frame) -> S
not
combined
= 58
-> t
= 58..67
time channel
requests
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Radio
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AGCH Parameters

Network gives the MS dedicated resources

Downlink CCCH blocks
PCH can be used for AGCH messages
AGCH cannot be used for PCH messages
Reservation of CCCH blocks for AGCH
noOfBlocksForAccessGrant
combined
combined
combined

0..7

possible number, if CCCH and SDCCH are not

1..7

possible number, if CBCH is used in non

configuration
possible number, if CCCH and SDCCH are

0..2

Preference of AGCH messages on PCH

noOfBlocksForAccessGrant
be
ones

0
=0

PCH can be used only, if no paging messages have to

send
AGCH messages have higher priority than PCH

Number of paging groups

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N = Nokia
(number
of CCCH blocks
noOfBlocksForAccessGrant) * noOfMultiframesBetweenPaging

Radio
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Chs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
19

Erlang B Table
1%
0 .0 1
0 .1 5
0 .4 6
0 .8 7
1 .3 6
1 .9 1
2 .5 0
3 .1 3
3 .7 8
4 .4 6
5 .1 6
5 .8 8
6 .6 1
7 .3 5
8 .1 1
8 .8 8
9 .6 5
1 0 .4 0
1 1 .2 0
1 2 .0 0

Nokia Siemens Networks

2%
0 .0 2
0 .2 2
0 .6 0
1 .0 9
1 .6 6
2 .2 8
2 .9 4
3 .6 3
4 .3 4
5 .0 8
5 .8 4
6 .6 1
7 .4 0
8 .2 0
9 .0 1
9 .8 3
1 0 .7 0
1 1 .5 0
1 2 .3 0
1 3 .2 0

3%
0 .0 3
0 .2 8
0 .7 2
1 .2 6
1 .8 8
2 .5 4
3 .2 5
3 .9 9
4 .7 5
5 .5 3
6 .3 3
7 .1 4
7 .9 7
8 .8 0
9 .6 5
1 0 .5 0
1 1 .4 0
1 2 .2 0
1 3 .1 0
1 4 .0 0

5 % Chs
0 .0 5
21
0 .3 8
22
0 .9 0
23
1 .5 2
24
2 .2 2
25
2 .9 6
26
3 .7 5
27
4 .5 4
28
5 .3 7
29
6 .2 2
30
7 .0 8
31
7 .9 5
32
8 .8 3
33
9 .7 3
34
1 0 .6 0
35
1 1 .5 0
36
1 2 .5 0
37
1 3 .4 0
38
1 4 .3 0
39
1 5 .2 0
40

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1%
1 2 .8 0
1 3 .7 0
1 4 .5 0
1 5 .3 0
1 6 .1 0
1 7 .0 0
1 7 .8 0
1 8 .6 0
1 9 .5 0
2 0 .3 0
2 1 .2 0
2 2 .0 0
2 2 .9 0
2 3 .8 0
2 4 .6 0
2 5 .5 0
2 6 .4 0
2 7 .3 0
2 8 .1 0
2 9 .0 0

2%
1 4 .0 0
1 4 .9 0
1 5 .8 0
1 6 .6 0
1 7 .5 0
1 8 .4 0
1 9 .3 0
2 0 .2 0
2 1 .0 0
2 1 .9 0
2 2 .8 0
2 3 .7 0
2 4 .6 0
2 5 .5 0
2 6 .4 0
2 7 .3 0
2 8 .3 0
2 9 .2 0
3 0 .1 0
3 1 .0 0

3%
1 4 .9 0
1 5 .8 0
1 6 .7 0
1 7 .6 0
1 8 .5 0
1 9 .4 0
2 0 .3 0
2 1 .2 0
2 2 .1 0
2 3 .1 0
2 4 .0 0
2 4 .9 0
2 5 .8 0
2 6 .8 0
2 7 .7 0
2 8 .6 0
2 9 .6 0
3 0 .5 0
3 1 .5 0
3 2 .4 0

5%
1 6 .2 0
1 7 .1 0
1 8 .1 0
1 9 .0 0
2 0 .0 0
2 0 .9 0
2 1 .9 0
2 2 .9 0
2 3 .8 0
2 4 .8 0
2 5 .8 0
2 6 .7 0
2 7 .7 0
2 8 .7 0
2 9 .7 0
3 0 .7 0
3 1 .6 0
3 2 .6 0
3 3 .6 0
3 4 .6 0

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Paging Example

Combined CCCH / SDCCH configuration

noOfBlocksForAccessGrant = 1

-> 2 CCCH blocks for PCH

3 MSs paged per paging message

2 blocks per multi frame
frame

-> 3 pages per block

-> 3 * 2 = 6 pages per multi

Number of pages per hour

-> 3600 s / 0.235 s * 6 = 91915

2 pages required per MS

hour

-> 91915 / 2 = 45957 MSs per

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BTS

3 MS

Paging_Request

BTS

3 MS

Paging_Request

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Call Establishment &

Location Update Example

Cell with 325 subscribers

1 call per subscriber once in a hour
1 location update (LU) per subscriber once in 2 hours
Duration of call assignment = 7 s
-> 7 s / 3600 s = 1.94 mErl on SDCCH per
subscriber
325 subscribers
-> 325 * 1.94 mErl = 0.6305 Erl on SDCCH
Reservation time for LU = 7s -> 7 s / 7200 s = 0.97 mErl on SDCCH per subscriber
325 subscribers
-> 0.3153 Erl on SDCCH
Total SDCCH traffic
-> 0.6305 Erl + 0.3153 Erl = 0.9458 Erl
Blocking probability = 1%
-> 5 SDCCHs required -> not combined with CCCH

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Radio
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Example Including SMS

Same cell with 325 subscribers

Additional SMS traffic of 1 mErl per subscriber
325 subscribers

-> 325 * 1 mErl = 0.325 Erl on SDCCH

Total SDCCH traffic

Blocking probability = 1%
CCCH

-> 0.6305 Erl + 0.3153 Erl + 0.325 Erl = 1.2708

-> 5 SDCCHs required -> not combined with

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Radio
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Extended Cell
(Implementation)
Normal region (frequency
f1)
N-TRX (Parameter eTrxInd
= N)

Extended region (frequency f2 except timeslot 0)

E-TRX (Parameter eTrxInd = E)
Extended cell size
Parameter radiusExtension
Value = 1..67 radius of
extended cell
Value = 0
ordinary cell

f1
N-TRX

f1

f1

BCCH/ Not TCH TCH

SDCCHUsed
0

1
f1

E-TRX

2
f2

Nokia Siemens Networks

f1

3
f2

f1

f1

f1

TCH TCH TCH TCH

RACHSDCCH TCH TCH

0

23

f1

4
f2

5
f2

f2

f2

f2

TCH TCH TCH TCH

3

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Radio
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Extended Cell
(Cell Selection, Handover)

Cell Selection
MS can camp on normal or extended cell, independently on the distance to the BTS
Failure of RACH burst -> Wrong cell selected
Reselection on the basis of the path loss criterion C1
Handover to due Distance
maxMSDistanceHOThreshold

0..63

triggered to
minMSDistanceHOThreshold

0..63

triggered to

63 = maximum allowed distance

threshold exceeded -> handover
extended cell
63 = maximum allowed distance
threshold exceeded -> handover
normal cell

Handover due to other Reason

hoTargetArea
(normal or extended)

0..3

indicates type of transceiver from

tries to allocate a channel

which the BSC

(normal or extended)
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Nokia Siemens Networks

indicates type of target cell

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Radio
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Base Station Identity Code

Base Station Identity Code BSIC = Network Colour Code NCC + Base
Station Colour Code BCC
bsIdentityCode

Setting of BSIC

NCC
BCC

0..7, distinguishes between PLMNs

0..7, distinguishes between clusters

BSIC + frequency channel -> unique identity of adjacent cell

bcc = 1
f1

f1

bcc = 2

f2
f3
f1
bcc = 3

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Radio
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Training Sequence Code

Training Sequence Code TSC

tsc

0..7

Setting of TSC

Used to determine signal distortion and bit error rate

57 bits
3

26 bits

encrypted bits

tail bits

training
sequence

stealing flag

57 bits
1

encrypted bits

stealing flag

Burst on TCH

tail bits

received burst
data* training sequence* data*

correlation

difference

expected burst
training sequence
?
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data*

difference = data

Radio
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Frequency Division Multiple Access

Example: GSM 900

Absolute radio frequency carrier number ARFCN

890

915
1

123124

935

960
1

123124

duplex distance
200 kHz

uplink direction
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downlink direction

Radio
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Frequency Reuse

Frequency to be used by TRX

initialFrequency

Setting of ARFCNs

f2
f1
f5

f3

f2
f4
f7

f6

f1
f5

f6
f2

f1
f5

f3
f6

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f3

f4
f7

f4
f7

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Frequency Information for MS

Idle mode -> MS listens on BCCH

idleStateBCCHAllocation

0..255

from

0 = MS gets frequency information from

initialFrequency lists of adjacent cells
1..255 = MS gets frequency information
double BCCH allocation list
Indicates ARFCN values given by double

bCCHAllocationList
BCCH

allocation list

Dedicated mode -> MS listens on SACCH

measurementBCCHAllocation

ADJ,IDLE

allocation

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ADJ = MS gets frequency information from

initialFrequency lists of adjacent cells
IDLE = MS uses same double BCCH
list as in idle mode

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Principle of Frequency Hopping

Frequency hopping techniques

btsIsHopping

Frequency

BB,RF,N
BB = base band hopping
RF = RF hopping
N = no frequency hopping at all
Call is transmitted through several frequencies to
average the interference (interference diversity)
minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)

F1
F2
F3

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Time

Radio
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Base Band Hopping

TRXs do not hop

Physical channels moved from one TRX to another
Hopping sequence
hoppingSequenceNumber

0..63
0 = cyclic hopping
1..63 = pseudorandom hopping

Baseband Hopping
0 1 2

7 Timeslot

TRX 1 BC
CH
TRX 2

f1

TRX 3

f3

TRX 4

f4

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f2

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HSN1
Timeslot 0 hops over TRXs 2-4 only
BCCH does not hop
HSN2
Timeslots 1-7 hop over all TRXs

Radio
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RF Hopping
(Standard Technique)

TRXs do hop except TRX1 (provides BCCH)

Up to 63 frequencies available defined by mobile allocation list -> better
hopping gain
mobileAllocationList
usedMobileAllocation

TRX 1

0 1 2
BC
CH

0..255

Setting of ARFCN values

0 = BTS detached from any list
1..255 = indicates list which shall be used

7 Timeslot
f1 no hopping

TRX 2
f2,f3..fn hopping according
mobile allocation list
One hopping sequence
number only

TRX 3
TRX 4
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Radio
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RF Hopping
(Freeform Hopping)

Standard technique
9 hopping hopping frequencies MAI = 0..8
But 3 frequencies available for every TRX only

Freeform hopping
For every sector same
mobile allocation list
hopping sequence number
frame number (frame synchronization)
For every sector different
starting points for hopping sequence
possible by mobile allocation index
offset
maioOffset
0..62
setting of MAIO

Nokia Siemens Networks

Sector
1

Sector
2

Sector
3

9 hopping hopping frequencies MAI = 0..8

9 frequencies available for every TRX
33

MAI

MAIO

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TRX-1

BCCH

TRX-2

TCH

TRX-3

TCH

TRX-4

TCH

TRX-5

BCCH

TRX-6

TCH

TRX-7

TCH

TRX-8

TCH

TRX-9

BCCH

TRX-10

TCH

TRX-11

TCH

TRX-12

TCH

Radio
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RF Hopping
(Flexible MAIO Management)
MAIO

Freeform hopping
Not adequate for MA list with consecutive ARFCN values
Avoids co-channel interference
But not adjacent channel interference

Sector
1

Flexible MAIO management

2
4

MAIO increases with constant step size from one TRX to

the next one
maioStep

0..62

Sector
2

6
8
10

maioOffset = 0, 6, 12 for sector 1, 2, 3

maioStep = 2
18 frequencies required (2 * number of hopping TRXs)
Sector
3

12
14
16

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TRX-1

BCCH

TRX-2

TCH

TRX-3

TCH

TRX-4

TCH

TRX-5

BCCH

TRX-6

TCH

TRX-7

TCH

TRX-8

TCH

TRX-9

BCCH

TRX-10

TCH

TRX-11

TCH

TRX-12

TCH

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RF Hopping
(Tight Frequency Reuse)
Flexible MAIO management
MAIO Offset + MAIO Step

Freeform hopping
MAIO Offset
Band allocation:
BCCH

Band allocation:
BCCH

MA list
Discrete ARFCN

MA list
Consecutive ARFC

MA
Only
MAlist
listand
andBCCH
BCCHfrequency
frequencyplanning
planningrequired
required
OnlyBCCH
BCCHfrequency
frequencyplanning
planningrequired
require

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Radio
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Frequency Plan Changing

BSIC / TSC
Frequencies
Frequency hopping setting
Intelligent underlay overlay TRX
settings
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