INTRODUCTION TO

ELECTRICAL POWER
SYSTEM

Transmission Layout

TNEB Generation

To satisfy the energy needs of the State,

Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution
Corporation Limitedhasinstalled capacity of
13231.44 MW which includes State projects,
Central share and Private Power Projects.
Other than this, the State has
installations in renewable energy sources
like
wind
mill,
solar,
biomass
and

TN- SS

72 Nos 230Kv SS

ELECTRICITY SECTOR IN INDIA

Growth of Installed Capacity in India[3]

Installed
Capacity

Thermal (MW)

Coal

Gas

Diesel

Sub-Total
Thermal

as on

Nuclear
(MW)

Renewable (MW)

Hydel

Other

Sub-Total

Renewable

Renewable

Total

% Growth

(MW)

(on yearly
basis)

31-Dec-1947

756

98

854

508

508

1,362

31-Dec-1950

1,004

149

1,153

560

560

1,713

8.59%

31-Mar-1956

1,597

228

1,825

1,061

1,061

2,886

13.04%

31-Mar-1961

2,436

300

2,736

1,917

1,917

4,653

12.25%

31-Mar-1966

4,417

137

352

4,903

4,124

4,124

9,027

18.80%

31-Mar-1974

8,652

165

241

9,058

640

6,966

6,966

16,664

10.58%

31-Mar-1979

14,875

168

164

15,207

640

10,833

10,833

26,680

12.02%

31-Mar-1985

26,311

542

177

27,030

1,095

14,460

14,460

42,585

9.94%

31-Mar-1990

41,236

2,343

165

43,764

1,565

18,307

18,307

63,636

9.89%

31-Mar-1997

54,154

6,562

294

61,010

2,225

21,658

902

22,560

85,795

4.94%

31-Mar-2002

62,131

11,163

1,135

74,429

2,720

26,269

1,628

27,897

105,046

4.49%

31-Mar-2007

71,121

13,692

1,202

86,015

3,900

34,654

7,760

42,414

132,329

5.19%

31-Mar-2012

112,022

18,381

1,200

131,603

4,780

38,990

24,503

63,493

199,877

9.00%

31 Mar 2015

169,118

23,062

1,200

188,898

5,780

41,267

35,777

77,044

271,722

10.8%

31 Mar 2016

185,172

24,508

993

210,675

5,780

42,783

42,727

85,510

3,01,965

11.13%

1,200 KV is the highest voltage proposed in

power transmission.
Presently, the highest voltage used is 800 KV by
China, which is also developing a 1,100 KV
system.
Powergrid will lay a 380 km long 1,200 KV
transmission line from Deoli to Aurangabad in
the first phase.Jan 10, 2011

July 2012 blackouts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_India_blackouts

http://www.ptd.siemens.de/artikel0506.html

HVDC IN INDIA

EVOLUTION OF NATIONAL GRID

Grid management on regional basis started in sixties.

Initially, State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid
and India was demarcated into 5 regions namely Northern,
Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region.

In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected.

In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected .

August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4

regional grids Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern
grids are synchronously connected forming central grid operating
at one frequency.
On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to
Central Grid in Synchronous mode with the commissioning of
765kV Raichur-Solapur Transmission line thereby achieving 'ONE
NATION'-'ONE GRID'-'ONE FREQUENCY'.

SLDC - CHENNAI

TNEB has Sub Load Despatch Centres at

Chennai, Madurai and Erode and State Load
Despatch Centre at Chennai.
TNEB has RTU (Remote Terminal Units) at all
230KV Sub Stations and all Generating Stations.
Data from RTUs poll to the Regional Sub Load
Despatch Centres (SLDC).
The data from SLDCs transmitted to State Load
Despatch Centre and to SRLDC-Bangalore.

Skin effect is the

tendency
of
an
alternating electric
current
(AC)
to
become distributed
within a conductor
such
that
the
current density is
largest near the
surface
of
the
conductor,

FERRANTI EFFECT

In electrical engineering, the Ferranti effect is

an increase in voltage occurring at the receiving
end of a long transmission line, above the voltage
at the sending end. This occurs when the line is
energized, but there is a very light load or the
load is disconnected

CORONA EFFECT

In electricity, a corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought on by

the ionization of a Air surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged.
Spontaneous corona discharges occur naturally in high-voltage systems
unless care is taken to limit the electric field strength

THE COMPLEX POWER IS THE VECTOR SUM OF ACTIVE AND

REACTIVE POWER. THE APPARENT POWER IS THE
MAGNITUDE OF THE COMPLEX POWER. ACTIVE POWER, P
REACTIVE POWER, Q COMPLEX POWER, S APPARENT
POWER, |S| PHASE OF CURRENT,

REACTIVE POWER

In a direct current circuit, the power flowing to the load is proportional

to the product of the current through the load and the potential drop
across the load. Energy flows in one direction from the source to the
load.
In AC power, the voltage and current both vary approximately
sinusoidally. Things become complicated when these two waveforms do
not line up perfectly.
The power flow has two components - one component flows from source
to load and can perform work at the load, the other portion, known as
"reactive power" is due to the delay between voltage and current, known
as phase angle, and cannot do useful work at the load. It can be thought
of as current that is arriving at the wrong time (too late or too early).
To distinguish reactive power from active power, it is measured in units
of "volt-amperes reactive" or var. These units can simplify to Watts, but
are left as var to denote that they represent no actual work output.
Energy stored in capacitive or inductive elements of the network give
rise to reactive power flow. Reactive power flow strongly influences the
voltage levels across the network. Voltage levels and reactive power flow
must be carefully controlled to allow a power system to be operated
within acceptable limits.