APA Referencing

REFERENCES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, students should be
able to
Understand why academic texts have

reference lists and bibliographies

Understand and practice the structure of the
APA and numbered referencing system

Documenting sources
This is the practice of citing
original sources of information
used in journal articles, books,
formal reports or any documents
that include evidence from printed
work.

Why use references?

Readers can locate the original source

material
The writer is not personally
responsible for the contents
To avoid charges of plagiarism

When to document
DO document (cite)
when :

DONT document (cite)

when :

Using a direct quotation

Presenting widely

from another text

Paraphrasing
information from
another source

known information
Information comes from
encyclopedias or
dictionaries

Documenting sources
The systems most frequently used in
the natural sciences, social sciences
and technical fields are :
APA or American Psychological

Association
(others- IEEE, Number-referenceetc)

Bibliographies &
References
Bibliography
Lists sources used for background reading as
part of research.
References
Lists the particular sources used e.g. journal
articles, books, websites, graphics

Structuring of Bibliographies and

References
For Books
Author.
(Publication Date).
Title of book.
Edition e.g. 3rd ed.
Place of publication :
Publisher.
Doe, D. (1984).History of
Cartography( 3th ed.).
London: Virago Press.

For Journal

papers
Author.
(Publication Date).
Title of article.
Periodical title.
Volume number,
(Edition).
Page numbers e.g. 603-633
Doe,D. (1985). Food colourants.
Nutrition. 31 (3) 603-633.

Now you try

Example 1

Example 2

Lucy Richards
Handling qualitative
data : A practical
guide.
Sage publishers,
London
In 2005.

Zhang Tan
Questioning in Chinese
university EL
classrooms. What lies
beyond it?
Volume 38 edition 1
2007
RELC Journal
Pages 87-103

Quick review to conclude

What is the sequence for a

book?
What is the sequence for a
journal?

Numbered Reference
System
12

Organized in two ways:

1. List the items alphabetically by

last name of author.
2. List the items in the order they
are cited in the text.

In the order they are cited in the

text
[1] E. Seymour and N. M. Hewitt, Talking about leaving: why
undergraduates leave the sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1997.
[2] M. W. Ohland, C. E. Brawner, M. M. Camacho, R. A. Layton, R. A. Long,
S. M. Lord, and M. H. Wasburn, Race, Gender, and Measures of
Success in Engineering Education, Journal of Engineering Education,
vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 225252, Apr. 2011.
[3] D. P. McAdams, The stories we live by: personal myths and the making
of the self. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
[4] Olin College, Student Handbook 2013-14, vol. 12. 2013.
[5] E. F. Loftus, Make-Believe Memories, American Psychologist, vol.
58, no. 11, pp. 867873, 2003.
[6] K. Charmaz, Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through
qualitative analysis. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2011.

Alphabetically by last name

of author
14

[1] D. P. McAdams, The stories we live by: personal myths and the making
of the self. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
[2] E. F. Loftus, Make-Believe Memories, American Psychologist, vol.58, no.
11, pp. 867873, 2003.
[3] E. Seymour and N. M. Hewitt, Talking about leaving: why undergraduates
leave the sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1997.
[4] K. Charmaz, Constructing grounded theory: a practical guide through
qualitative analysis. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE, 2011.
[5] M. W. Ohland, C. E. Brawner, M. M. Camacho, R. A. Layton, R. A. Long,
S. M. Lord, and M. H. Wasburn, Race, Gender, and Measures of Success
in Engineering Education, Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 100, no.
2, pp. 225252, Apr. 2011.
[5] Olin College, Student Handbook 2013-14, vol. 12. 2013.

Example
An intelligent tutor is a form of interactive
instructional material that trains a student in how
to perform a procedural task, and that tailors itself
to the students progress, Koedinger et al. [5].
Intelligent tutors had proven effective in teaching
about humanities [6], science [7], Math [8],
Software
Engineering
[9]
and
introductory
programming concepts, such as loops and lists [10
12].

Quotations in the numbered

reference16 system:
Page numbers are included in the

parentheses, separate from the reference

number by a colon.

McCarthy revealed that polyethylene mixed with

a starch-based additive, placed in a compost
environment, does not completely decompose
[5:45].

THE END

THE END