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08A - Chapter 8, Sec 8.1 - 8.3 Black
08A - Chapter 8, Sec 8.1 - 8.3 Black
General Considerations
Chapter 8
Sections 8.1 through 8.3
Entrance Conditions
Entrance Conditions
Must distinguish between entrance and fully developed regions.
Hydrodynamic Effects: Assume laminar flow with uniform velocity profile at
inlet of a circular tube.
Velocity boundary layer develops on surface of tube and thickens with increasing x.
Inviscid region of uniform velocity shrinks as boundary layer grows.
Does the centerline velocity change with increasing x? If so, how does it change?
Subsequent to boundary layer merger at the centerline, the velocity profile
becomes parabolic and invariant with x. The flow is then said to be
hydrodynamically fully developed.
How would the fully developed velocity profile differ for turbulent flow?
Thermal boundary layer develops on surface of tube and thickens with increasing x.
Isothermal core shrinks as boundary layer grows.
Subsequent to boundary layer merger, dimensionless forms of the temperature
profile for Ts and qs become independent of x. Conditions are then said to be
thermally fully developed.
Is the temperature profile invariant with x in the fully developed region?
For uniform surface temperature, what may be said about the change
in the temperature profile with increasing x?
For uniform surface heat flux, what may be said about the change in the
temperature profile with increasing x?
How do temperature profiles differ for laminar and turbulent flow?
Mean Quantities
m um Ac
or,
m Ac u r , x d Ac
g
Hence,
um
Ac u r , x d Ac
Ac
Ac ucT dAc
g
mc
ro
u x, r T x, r r dr
0
Entry Lengths
um Dh
4 Ac
P
in which case,
g
u D
4m
Re D m h
P
For a circular tube,
g
u D
4m
Re D m
fd , t
/ D 0.05 Re D Pr
Turbulent Flow: 10 x fd ,t / D 60
For laminar flow, how do hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths compare for a gas?
An oil? A liquid metal?
dp / dx D
um2 / 2
64
Re D
pm
P p
x Ts x Tm x
0
fd , t
f x
r Ts Tm r r
Ts Tm
o
Hence, assuming constant properties,
qs / k
h
f x
Ts Tm k
h f x
Variation of h in entrance and fully developed regions:
Mean Temperature
(1)
h Ts Tm
g
g
dx mc
mcp
p
f x
g
dx mc
p
Tm x Tm ,i
qs P
g
mcp
Why does the surface temperature vary with x as shown in the figure?
In principle, what value does Ts assume at x=0?
Total heat rate:
qconv qs PL
d T
d Tm
P
h T
g
dx
dx
mcp
Ts Tm x
Px
exp
hx
g
Ts Tm ,i
m
c
p
1 x
hx o hx dx
x
Overall Conditions:
To Ts Tm , o
PL
exp
g
Ti Ts Tm,i
mc
p
qconv h As Tl m
Tl m
h
A
h exp s
g
mc
To Ti
1n To / Ti
To T Tm , o
U
A
1
s
exp
exp
g
Ti T Tm ,i
m
c
mc
R
p
p tot
T
q UAs Tl m l m
Rtot
Tl m Eq. (3) with Ts replaced by T .
Note: Replacement of T by Ts,o if outer surface temperature is uniform.
T oo = 7 0 0 K
= 5 0 W /m 2 -K
T oo
A ir
c v ,o
ra d
fu r
= 700 K
W a te r
c v ,o
T
T
R
t
m = 5 k g /s
T
m ,i
= 300 K
D = 0 .2 5 m , L = 8 m ,
= 1
m ,o
fu r
c v,i
= T oo
ra d
SCHEMATIC:
h
T oo = 7 0 0 K
= 5 0 W /m 2 -K
T oo
A ir
c v ,o
ra d
fu r
= 700 K
W a te r
c v ,o
T
T
R
t
m = 5 k g /s
T
m ,i
= 300 K
D = 0 .2 5 m , L = 8 m ,
= 1
m ,o
fu r
c v,i
= T oo
ra d