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What Are Values?: Value
What Are Values?: Value
Value System
Value System -- a hierarchy based on a
ranking of an individuals values in
terms of their intensity and significance
A coherent and consistent set of values
adopted and/or evolved by aperson,
organization, or society as astandard
to guide itsbehaviorin almost all
situations.
Characteristics of Values
Values are beliefs. But they are beliefs tied
inseparably to emotions, not objectivity
Values are a motivational construct. They
refer to the desirable goals people strive to
attain
Values provide the broad preferential
framework of an individuals behaviour
Values transcend specific actions and
situations. They are an abstract concept
which distinguishes them from concepts
like norms and attitudes, that usually refer
to specific actions, objects, events or
situations.
Characteristics of Values
Values guide the selection or
evaluation of actions, policies, people,
and events. They serve as standards
or criteria against which options are
weighed
Values can be universal as well as
personal and are actually beliefs a
person has that help him behave in a
particular manner all his life
Values are ordered by importance and
intensity relative to one another
Characteristics of Values
Peoples values form an ordered
system of value priorities that
characterize them as individuals
The hierarchical feature of values
distinguishes them from tangible
concepts like norms, standards and
attitudes
Sources of Values
Genetics/Heredity
Family
Friends and Peers
School
Religion
Community/Society
Media
Categories of Values
Towards-values
Away-from values
Towards-values are what you move
towards and 'away-from values' are what
you move away from
An away-from value may either prevent the
fulfillment of a towards-value or act as
driver towards fulfilling a towards-value
Categories of Values
There are two main types of values:
Ends values
Means values
An ends value is the ultimate state of
emotion you want to experience in
life, for example, enjoying power &
authority
A means value will lead you towards the
fulfillment of an ends value.
Money is a means value which many
people believe will bring happiness, an
ends value.
List of Values
Achievement
Advancement
Adventure
Affection
Competitiveness
Cooperation
Creativity
Economic
Security
Fame
Family Happiness
Freedom
Friendship
Health
Helpfulness
Inner Harmony
Integrity
List of Values
Involvement
Loyalty
Order
Personal Dev.
Pleasure
Power
Recognition
Responsibility
Self-respect
Spirituality
Wealth
Wisdom
Classification of Values
Personal values
Family values
Social-cultural values
Material values
Spiritual values
Moral values
Gordon Allports
Classification of Values
Theoretical: Interest in the discovery of truth
through reasoning and systematic thinking
Economic: Interest in usefulness and practicality,
including the accumulation of wealth
Aesthetic: Interest in beauty, form and artistic
harmony.
Social: Interest in people and human
relationships
Political: Interest in gaining power and
influencing other people
Religious: Interest in unity and understanding
the cosmos as a whole.
Classification
of Values
Milton Rokeachs
Terminal Values
Instrumental Values
Rokeachs Classification
Instrumental values are the ways
you seek to accomplish your
terminal values
Instrumental valuesrefer to
preferable modes of behavior.
These are preferable modes of
behavior or means of achieving the
terminal values.
Terminal Values
True Friendship
Mature Love
Self-Respect
Happiness
Inner Harmony
Equality
Freedom
Pleasure
Social
Recognition
Wisdom
Salvation
Family Security
National Security
A Sense of
Accomplishment
A World of Beauty
A World at Peace
A Comfortable Life
An Exciting Life
Instrumental Values
Cheerfulness
Ambition
Love
Cleanliness
Self-Control
Capability
Courage
Politeness
Honesty
Imagination
Independence
Intellect
Broad-Mindedness
Logic
Obedience
Helpfulness
Responsibility
Forgiveness
Classification
of Values
Shalom Schwartzs
Classification
of Values
Shalom Schwartzs
1.Self-Direction:
Classification
of Values
Shalom Schwartzs
5. Power:
Classification
of Values
Shalom Schwartzs
8. Tradition:
9. Benevolence:
Preserving and enhancing the welfare of
those with whom one is in frequent
personal contact
10. Universalism:
Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and
protection for the welfare of all people and
for nature
Structure of Value
RelationsRelations of Congruity and
Conflict
(Quantity or Quality of
Life)
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-Term or Short-Term Orientation
Flatter organizations
Supervisors & operatives treated
almost as equals
Low on PD
Emphasis on teamwork
Involve as many people as possible
in decision making
Individualism vs Collectivism
(IDV)
High valuation on people's time and
need for freedom and autonomy
Enjoyment of challenges, and an
High on ID
expectation of rewards for hard
work
Respect for privacy
Acknowledge personal accomplishments
Emphasis on building group skills
Work for intrinsic rewards
Harmony more important than honesty High on ID
Show respect for age and wisdom
Respect traditions and introduce change slowly
Masculinity/femininity (MAS)
Men are masculine and women are feminine
There is a well defined distinction between
men's work and women's work
Male and female roles are expected to
be
High on MAS
distinct
Men avoid discussing emotions or making
emotionally based decisions or arguments
A woman can do anything a man can do
Powerful and successful women are admired
and respected
High on ID
Job design and practices are not
discriminatory on the basis of gender
Treat men and women equally
Promotion of equality
High creativity, individualism
Treat others as you would like to be treated
High on LTO
Be respectful of others
Introduction of quick change
Individualism Scores
Regarding the individualism index, there is a clear
gap between developed and Western countries on
one hand, and less developed and eastern countries
on the other.
North America and Europe can be considered as
individualistic with relatively high scores: for
example, 80 for Canada and Hungary. In contrast,
Asia, Africa and Latin America have strong
collectivistic values: Colombia scores only 13 points
on the IDV scale, and Indonesia 14. The greatest
contrast can be drawn comparing two extreme
countries on this dimension: 6 points for Guatemala
vs. 91 points score for the United States. Japan and
the Arab world have middle values on this dimension.
Masculinity Scores
Masculinity is extremely low in Nordic
countries:
Norway scores 8 and Sweden only 5. In
contrast, Masculinity is very high in Japan
(95), and in European countries like Hungary,
Austria and Switzerland influenced by German
culture.
In the Anglo world, masculinity scores are
relatively high with 66 for the United Kingdom
for example. Latin countries present
contrasting scores: for example Venezuela has
a 73 point score whereas Chile's is only 28.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Scores
Discuss?
Hofstedes Cultural
Dimensions and
impact on ethical
decision
making????