COMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKS

COMPETENCIES

connectivity,

Discuss
the
wireless
revolution, and communication systems.
Describe
physical
and
wireless
communications channels.
Discuss connection devices and services,
including dial-up, DSL, cable, satellite,
andcellular.
Describe data transmission factors,
including bandwidth and protocols.

 Discuss networks and key network

terminology including network interface
cards
and network operating systems.
Describe different types of networks,
including
local,
home,
wireless,
personal, metropolitan, and wide area
networks.
Describe
network
architectures,
including
topologies and strategies.
Discuss the organization issues related
to

COMMUNICATIONS
Computer communications is
the process of sharing data,
programs,
and
information
between two or more computers.
Numerous applications depend
on
communication
systems,
including
E-mail
Instant messaging
Internet telephone
ROANNE HERNANDEZ
Electronic commerce

Communications today!

1.

Connectivity

uses computer
networks to link people and resources .
o You can use telephone or other
telecommunication lines to link to
nearly any computer in the world.

2. The Wireless Revolution

o The single most dramatic change in

connectivity and communications in the
past five years has been the widespread
use of mobile or wireless telephones.
o In 2002, it was estimated that there are
over 600 million mobile telephones in
use worldwide, and by 2004, almost 1.5
billion.
o This wireless technology allows
individuals to stay connected with one

o Originally developed for voice,

the wireless revolution can
transmit nearly any kind of
information.
o Bluetooth: a technology that
allows wide variety of nearby
devices to communicate with one
other without any physical
connection.

3. Communications systems
oCommunications

systems

are
electronic systems that transmit data
from one location to another. It has four
basic elements:

a) Sending and receiving devices

Often
a
computer
or
specialized
communications device. They send as
well as accept messages in form of data,
information, and/or instructions.

b) Communication channel (aka

transmission medium)
- The actual connection that carries the
message
Can be a physical wire, or cable or a
wireless connection
c) Connection device (aka communications
device)
- Act as an interface between the sending
and receiving devices and the
communication channel. They convert
outgoing messages into a form and format
(digital) so that they can travel across the

d)Data transmission specifications

- The rules and procedures that
coordinate the sending and
receiving devices by precisely
defining how the message will be
sent across the communication
channel.

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

o These actually carry the data

from one computer to
another.
o There are two categories:
Physical Connections
Wireless Connections
EDGAR RAPIRAP

1.Physical Connections

- use

a solid medium to connect sending

and receiving devices.

a)Twisted Pair
-) is used for telephone systems and
network cabling

b) Coaxial cable
-is used for telephone systems and
network cabling

c)Fiber-optic cable
-Capable of carrying significantly more data
at faster speeds than wire cables
- Less susceptible to interference (noise)
and, therefore, more secure
- Smaller size (thinner and lighter)

2. Wireless Connections

- do not use

a solid medium to connect sending and

receiving devices and rather use air itself.
a.) BLUETOOTH - short-range radio waves
transmit
data between Bluetooth devices.
b.) WI-FI (wireless fidelity) uses highfrequency radio signals to transmit data.
c.) MICROWAVE
Use high-frequency radio waves to
communicate
Known as a line of sight
communication as radio waves travel in

d.) WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability

for microwave access ) is commonly
used by universities and others to extend
capability of existing WI-FI networks.

e.) LTE (Long Term Evolution) is one

of the newest wireless standards.
Currently LTE and WIMAX connections
provide similar but LTE however promises
to provide greater speed and quality
transmissions in the near future.

f.) Satellite
- Uses satellites orbiting up to 22,000
miles above the earth as microwave relay
stations.
- Satellites rotates at precise point and
speeds above the earth making them
appear stationary so they can amplify and
relay signals between transmitters on
earth.
- Uplink is sending data to a satellite
- Downlink is receiving data from a
satellite
- They can send large volumes of data but

 Types of signals
Analog
CONNECTION DEVICE SIGNALS
-continuously in
frequency and
amplitude
Digital
- Digital signals are a
series of pulses
consisting of just two
states: ON (1) or OFF
(0).

FRENZYRA AUTOR

CONNECTION DEVICES
All computer communication used
telephone lines.
Since telephone was used for voice,
the technology typically used analog
signals to transmit calls
Computers use digital signals or
on/off binary signals
To connect computers via telephone
lines, a system was needed to
transmit data from digital to analog
to digital again . Modems were

 MODEMS ( modulator
demodulator)
- Modulation converts a digital signal to
analog signal
- Demodulation converts an analog signal to
digital signal
- Speed at which modems communicate is
measured in bits per second (bps).
Typically modem speeds are 33.6 and 56
kbps (kilo bits per second)
4 TYPES OF MODEMS
1. Telephone Modem
2. DSL (digital subscriber line)

TELEPHONE
CABLE

DSL CABLE

CABLE
MODEM

WIRELESS

TYPES OF CONNECTION SERVICES

a) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
- Uses existing telephone lines to provide
high speed connections
b) Cable modems
- Uses existing telephone lines to provide
high speed connections as fast as T1 or
DSL at lower cost.

c) Satellite/air connection services

- Uses satellite and air to download
and upload data at rate seven
times faster than dial-up
connections
- Another competitor for high
speed Internet services, often
offered in areas where Cable or
DSL is not available.

Data Transmission

Bandwidth
-Measurement of the width or capacity of the
communication channel
4 Categories
Voiceband (or low bandwidth)
Medium band
Broadband
Baseband
PROTOCOLS
YAZZER RANIEN

4 CATEGORIES
Voiceband (or low bandwidth)
- Used for standard telephone communication.
- (dial-up and telephone modems)
Medium band
- Connects Midrange computers and Mainframes
Broadband
- Used for DSL, cable, and satellite connections.
- Can carry multiple users at a time
Baseband
- Connect individual computers that are located
close to one another
- Supports only a single signal at a time

PROTOCOLS
Communication rules for exchanging data
between computers
Internet standard: TCP/IP (Transmission
control protocol/Internet protocol)
Essential features of TCP/IP is for identifying
the sending and receiving devices, and
reformatting the data so it can be sent via the
Internet
Identification unique IP address
Packetization/reformatting information
broken down into small parts (packets) and
then reassembled

NETWORKS

computer network is a communication

A
system that connects two or more computers
in different arrangements so that they can
exchange information and share resources.
NETWORKS TERMS

- Node, Client, Server, Directory server, Host,

Router, Switch, NIC (Network Interface Card),
NOS (Network Operating System) , Network
Admin.
PRESCILA GUMILA

NETWORK TYPES
- Communication networks differ in
geographical size.
1. Local Area Networks (LANs)
-. It's a group of computers which all
belong to the same organization, and
which are linked within a small
geographic area using a network.
-. A local area network can reach as many
as 100, or even 1000, users.

2. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)

- The next step up from a LAN
- Span distances of up to 100 miles
- Frequently used as links between office
buildings located throughout a city
3. Wide Area Networks (WANs)
- Country wide and world wide networks
- Span distances greater than 100 miles
- Use microwave relays and satellites to reach
users over long distances
- Internet is the widest of all WANs

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Network architecture describes how a

network is arranged and how resources

are coordinated and shared.
CONFIGURATION
Topology
Describes the physical arrangement of a
network .
5 types - Bus Network , Ring Network,
Star, Tree, Mesh .

 BUS
- Bus topology is a network type in where
every computer and network device is
connected to single cable.
- It transmits data only in one direction
- Every device is connected to a single
cable

topology
because it forms
a ring as each
computer
is
connected
to
another
computer, with
the
last
one
connected to the
first. Exactly two
neighbours
for
each device.

central device
(hub or switch)
-All data
transferred from
one computer to
another passes
through hub or
switch
- It can be used
with twisted pair,
Optical Fibre or
coaxial cable

MESH
- It is a point-to-point connection to other
nodes or devices. Traffic is carried only
between two devices or nodes to which
it is connected.
- Fully connected

TREE
- It has a root node and all other nodes
are connected to it forming a hierarchy.
It is also called hierarchical topology. It
should at least have three levels to the
hierarchy.
- Used in Wide Area Network

STRATEGIES

A network strategy is the way of

coordinating the sharing of information
and resources.
Common network strategies
o client server
o peer-to-peer systems
THEA BAYLON

CLIENT SERVER
Use one computer to coordinate and
supply services to other nodes on the
network.
the server coordinates and supplies the
specialized services, the clients will
request the services.
Commonly used network operating
systems are Novells Netware,
Microsofts Windows NT.

 One advantage of this system is its

ability to handle very large networks
efficiently. This strategy is used very
much on Internet and when you
connect to a Website, your
computer is a client and the Web
sites computer is the server.
Another advantage is the powerful
network management software that
monitors and controls the networks
activities.
The major disadvantage is the cost
of installation and maintenance.

PEER TO PEER NETWORKS

SYSTEM
nodes have equal authority to act as
both clients and servers.
A typical configuration is the bus
network.
Commonly used network operating
systems are Novells Netware,
Microsofts Windows NT.
The advantages are the network is
easy to install and inexpensive and
work well for smaller systems with

 The disadvantage is that the

performance of network declines as
the number of nodes increases.
Another disadvantage is the lack of
powerful management software to
effectively monitor networks
activities.

Organizational Internets:
Intranets
and
Extranets
INTRANETS

An intranet is a private network that

resembles the Internet
Intranets use browsers, web sites,
and web pages, but the access is
restricted to those users within the
organization
They are commonly used to provide
information to the employees, such
as job openings, human resource
information, etc.

EXTRANETS
An extranet is a private network that
resembles the Internet, but it connects
more than one organization
A company may set one up to link key
suppliers and customers of the
organization.
Network Security
Firewall
- Hardware and software controls access
to network
- Proxy server provides pass-through
access

 Intrusion detection system (IDS)

- Works with firewall to protect
organization's network
- Analyzes all incoming and
outgoing network traffic
Virtual private network (VPN)
- Creates a secure private network
connection
between your computer and the
organization