Evaporation

H2O(g)
molecules
(water vapor)

H2O(l)
molecules

Evaporation

H2O(g)
molecules
(water vapor)

H2O(l)
molecules

Evaporation

H2O(g)
molecules
(water vapor)

H2O(l)
molecules

How Vapor Pressure is Measured

760 mm + 120 mm = 880 mm Hg
1 atm = 760 mm Hg

Animation by Raymond Chang

All rights reserved

Manometer

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 401

Atmospheric Pressure

The Manometer and Vapor

Pressure

Barometer & Manometer

atmospheric pressure
= 101.3 kPa

atmospheric pressure
= 100.4 kPa

atmospheric pressure
= 101.7 kPa

750 mm
confined
gas

600 mm

confined
gas
500 mm

325 mm

200 mm
(a)

confined
gas

150 mm
(b)

(c)

100 mm
(d)

AIR
PRESSURE

CONFINED
GAS

higher
pressure

Pa
manometer: measures
the
pressure of a confined
gas

Hg HEIGHT
DIFFERENCE

Vapor Pressure
measure of the tendency for liquid particles to enter
gas phase at a given temp.
a measure of stickiness of liquid particles to each other

more
sticky

less likely to
vaporize

In general:
LOW v.p.

not very
sticky

more likely to
vaporize

In general:
HIGH v.p.

NOT all liquids have same v.p. at same temp.

100
CHLOROFORM

80
PRESSURE 60
(kPa)
40

ETHANOL

20

WATER

0
0

20

40

60

80

100

TEMPERATURE (oC)

Volatile substances evaporate easily (have high v.p.s).

BOILING when vapor pressure = confining pressure
(usually from atmosphere)
atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa

b.p. = 78oC

b.p. = 100oC

Vapor Pressure
61.3oC

101.3

78.4oC

100oC

53.3
40.0

et h
yl
a

66.6

lco
ho
l

of
or
m

80.0

ch
lor

Pressure (KPa)

93.3

26.7

er
t
a

13.3
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Temperature (oC)

80

90 100

BOILING when vapor pressure = confining pressure

(usually from atmosphere)
At sea level and 20oC
AIR PRESSURE
(~100 kPa)
VAPOR
PRESSURE
(~5 kPa)

VAPOR
PRESSURE
(~10 kPa)
ETHANOL

WATER

NET
PRESSURE
(~95 kPa)

NET
PRESSURE
(~90 kPa)

ETHANOL
WATER

Water
Molecules in
Liquid and
Steam

Microscopic view of a liquid

near its surface

The high energy

molecules escape
the surface.

Behavior of a liquid in a closed

container

Vapor Pressure and Boiling

Vapor Pressure the pressure exerted by a
vapor in equilibrium with its liquid state.
Liquid molecules at the surface escape into the
gas phase.
These gas particles create pressure above the
liquid in a closed container.

 Vapor Pressure increases with increasing

temperature.

20oC

80oC

As temperature increases, the amount of vapor

generated by a liquid in a closed container increases.
This occurs because as the liquid gains kinetic
energy, the molecules can overcome the
intermolecular forces of attraction that are prevalent
in the liquid phase.

Evaporation vs Boiling
Evaporation - when a liquid gas at any
temperature
Vaporization When a liquid gas when heat is
applied or at the boiling temperature
Boiling occurs when the vapor pressure above
the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.

Normal Boiling Point -boiling temperature when pressure is at

1atm or 760torr.
Boiling Point is a physical constant. It
depends on the strength of the attraction
between molecules.
Strong attraction between molecules =
higher boiling point.
Weaker attraction between molecules =
lower boiling point.

Vapor Pressure Curves

Graph shows how boiling points change

with change in vapor pressure.

 Boiling Points Change with pressure

changes.
Less pressure = lower boiling point
(example = water boils at lower
temperatures at high elevations- water
boils at 76oC on Mt. Everest).
Higher Pressure = higher boiling point
(example = pressure cooker cooks
faster because you cook at a higher
temperature.)

Water rapidly boiling on a stove

Pressure Cooker
Copyright 2006 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

120oC

Formation of a bubble is opposed by

the pressure of the atmosphere

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 452

Vapor Pressure
61.3oC

101.3

78.4oC

100oC

53.3
40.0

et h
yl
a

66.6

lco
ho
l

of
or
m

80.0

ch
lor

Pressure (KPa)

93.3

26.7

er
t
a

13.3
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Temperature (oC)

80

90 100

Boiling Point and Pressure

Heating / Cooling Curve of Water

140
steam

Temperature (oC)

120

water and steam

100
liquid water

80
60
He

40

ice and
water

g
in
t
a

g
lin
o
Co

20
0
ice

-20

Heat added at a constant rate

Gas Collected Over Water

Measuring the Vapor Pressure

of a Liquid

Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 376

Gas Mixtures
and Daltons
Law

Gases Dissolved
in Liquids