The skin

Stuctures and functions

Team of the skin facilitators

eneral structure of the skin

The
Skin
Accessory
Structure

Cutaneous
Membrane
Epiderm
is

Dermis

Papillary
layer

Subcutane
ous fat

Reticular
layer

Exocri
ne
gland

Hair
follicle

Nails

Epidermis composed of
cells
:
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cell
Merkel cells

LAYER OF THE EPIDERMIS

Stratum
Corneum
Stratum
Lucidum
Stratum
Granulosum
Stratum
Spinosum
Stratum
Basale

Stratum Basale = Stratum

Germinativum
- Columnar shape cell
- Contain mitotically active cells
- Attach to the basal membrane via keratin
filament at hemidesmosome
- Attach to other surrounding cells through
desmosome

Stratum Spinosum
Supra basal cells are polihedral
Its have a rounded nucleus
They become progressively flatter as lamella
granules attach to other surrounding cells
through desmosome

 Stratum granulosum
- Contain keratohyaline granules
- Flatter cell shape
Stratum lucidum
Lapisan jernih / homogen.
Sel gepeng, inti (-) / sel mati.
Struktur sel hilang homogen

Stratum Corneum
Flatened cells
Unucleated
Keratinized cell
By HE staining is red

Melanocyte

reside in the basal layer, it located among basal cells

Pail-staining cytoplasma
Have more pigment-containing melanosome
Produce melanin granules to begin the skin color

Color of the skin based on :

Plexus of the capillary network on the dermis
Etnic
Number of the melanin granules
Number of the caroten substance

MELANIN
pi
KERATINOCYTE

MELANIN
PIGMENT

MELANIN
GRANULE

 Merkel cells
Among basal keratinocyte
They are present in the particular region (e.g. digits,
lips orall cavity, outer root sheat of the hair follicle)
Mecanoreceptor
It have pale staining
The cytoplasma contain dense core granules like
neurotrasmitter substance

Langerhans cells
Pail-staining
Supra basal position , are distributed to spine
layer and granular layer
They have racket cell structue called Langerhan
cell granules or birbeck granules
The function is immunologies , like a T Cell .
Interelation with Ag-Ab reaction

Sensory Receptor in the skin

1. Free nerve ending

2. Merkel cells and tactile
disk
3. Free nerve endings of
root hair plexus
4. Tactile corpuscle
( Meissner)
5. Ruffini corpuscle
6. Lamellated corpuscle
(Vaterpacini)

Sense organ of the

skin
Corpusculum meissner
Sense raba

Badan Paterpacini
Sense tekan

Interconection Epidermis with Basal membrana

 DERMIS
It is a soft connective tissue, composed of
Collagen fiber : Type I until VII
Elastic fiber
Ground substance: proteoglycans and fibronectins
Nerve
Blood vessel
Lymphaticts
Appendages
Cells : macrophage, leucocyte, fibroblast,

Structure of the Hair

Follicle and Hair

Structure of
the Nail

Structure of
Exocrine Glands

Skin function`s
Physical protection from environmental hazards
Excretion

Thermoregulator

Physical protection from environmental hazards

Sensory information

Synthesis of vitamin D 3

Coordination of immune response to pathogens

and cancer in skin

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Integumantary System

Epidermis Functions
Protect dermis from trauma and chemicals
Control skin permeability
Synthesizes vit. D3
Sensory receptors defect touch, pressure, pain
and
temperature
Coordinates immune response to pathogens and
skin cancers

DermisFunctions
Papillary layer : Nourishes & support epidermis
Reticular layer :
Restricts spread of patogens penetrating
epidermis
Strores lipid reserves
Attaches skin to deeper tissue
Sensory reseptor detect touch, pressure, pain,
vibration and temperature
Vessels assist in thermo regulation

Accessory structure

Exocrine
Functions
Assist in
thermoregulation
Excrete wastes
Lubricate
epidermis

Hair follicles
Functions
Produce hairs
that
protect skull
Produce hairs
that
provide delicate
touch sensation
on general body
surface

Nail Functions

Protect and
support tips of
fingers and toes

Control of Heat Conduction to the Skin

By the degree of vasoconstriction of
arterioles
and
the
arteriovenous
anastomoses that supply blood to venous
plexus of the skin
Vasoconstriction is controlled almost
entirely by the sympathetic nervous
system in response to changes in body
core & environmental temperature.

Synthesis of Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is formed in the skin.
Ultraviolet rays from the sun
7-dehydrocholesterol

Cholecaciferol (vit D3)

Liver

25-Hydroxycholecalciferol
Kidney

1,25-Hydroxycholecalciferol

Specialized Cells in the Subcutan

They are involved in the processing of
foreign antigen / micro organisms that
traumatically introduced into skin:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Histiocytes,
Plasma cells,
Lymphocytes,
Mast cells.

Terima Kasih